Questions and Answers
What is sectionalism?
What were the political characteristics of the North?
Supported high tariffs, federally funded improvements, and began to oppose slavery.
What major social issues were faced by the North?
Immigration, women's suffrage, and abolition of slavery.
What was significant about the economic characteristics of the North?
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Which of the following describes the geographic characteristics of the North?
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What was the importance of protecting slavery to the political characteristics of the South?
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What were the social characteristics of the South?
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What were the main economic traits of the South?
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What were some causes of the Civil War?
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What did the Missouri Compromise establish?
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What did the Fugitive Slave Act require?
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What was the Compromise of 1850?
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What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
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What was Bleeding Kansas?
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What did the Dred Scott decision state?
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What is the main idea of states' rights?
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What was slavery's role in the Southern economy?
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What was John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry?
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Which candidate won the Election of 1860?
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What was the significance of protective tariffs for the South?
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What impact did Uncle Tom's Cabin have?
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What advantages did the North/Union have during the Civil War?
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What advantages did the South/Confederacy have during the Civil War?
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What was the first battle of the Civil War?
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What happened at the Battle of Antietam?
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What was the turning point battle of the Civil War?
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What was the Siege of Vicksburg?
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What occurred during the Burning of Atlanta?
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What happened during the surrender at Appomattox Court House?
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What were some results of the Civil War?
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What is the Gettysburg Address about?
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What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
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Who was the President of the Union?
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Who was the President of the Confederacy?
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Who was the commander of the Union Army that won the war?
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Who was the commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia?
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Who was Frederick Douglass?
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Who was Clara Barton?
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Who was John Wilkes Booth?
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Study Notes
Sectionalism
- Loyalty to individual regions over the nation, which fueled tensions leading to the Civil War.
Political Characteristics of the North
- Supported high tariffs to protect manufacturing industries.
- Advocated for federally funded internal improvements like roads and railroads for easier market access.
- Shifted towards opposing slavery in the 1840s and 1850s.
Social Characteristics of the North
- Immigration created social issues, leading to low wages and child labor.
- Focused on social reforms including Women's Suffrage and the abolition of slavery, driven by the belief that slavery was morally wrong.
Economic Characteristics of the North
- Diverse agriculture, including wheat, corn, and dairy; advanced farming machinery outpaced Southern methods.
- Manufacturing became the primary economic focus, surpassing shipping in importance.
- Robust transportation networks of railroads and canals facilitated trade.
Geographic Characteristics of the North
- Characterized by long, harsh winters and short growing seasons.
- Notable for fast-moving rivers which supported transportation.
Political Characteristics of the South
- Strong commitment to protecting slavery through legislation.
- Opposition to tariffs, which raised imported goods' prices.
- Resistance to federally funded internal improvements due to cost and lack of direct benefit.
Social Characteristics of the South
- Slavery was a central social issue; many supported it despite few owning large numbers of slaves.
- Fear of slave uprisings fueled support of slavery among middle and lower-class whites.
Economic Characteristics of the South
- Known as the "cotton kingdom" where cotton became the predominant cash crop, with tobacco, rice, and sugar also significant.
- Slavery was crucial to the economy, leading to beliefs that it should expand westward.
- Limited manufacturing capabilities left the economy reliant on imports from Great Britain.
Causes of the Civil War
- Key events included the Missouri Compromise, Fugitive Slave Act, Compromise of 1850, tariffs, slavery issues, states' rights, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott Decision, John Brown's raid, the election of 1860, and the impact of "Uncle Tom's Cabin."
Missouri Compromise (1820)
- Missouri admitted as a free state and Maine as a slave state; established a boundary for slavery at the 36°30' line.
Fugitive Slave Act
- Required Northerners to assist in capturing escaped slaves and imposed fines for aiding runaways.
Compromise of 1850
- California admitted as a free state; New Mexico and Utah territories governed by popular sovereignty; slave trade abolished in Washington, D.C.; reinforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
- Territories opened to popular sovereignty, nullifying parts of the Missouri Compromise and leading to violent conflict known as Bleeding Kansas.
Dred Scott vs. Sanford
- Supreme Court decision that denied citizenship to slaves and asserted that Congress could not regulate slavery in territories.
States' Rights
- Southern leaders argued for state sovereignty to reject federal laws perceived as detrimental; led to the concept of nullification and the Nullification Crisis of 1832.
Slavery
- Labor system heavily utilized in Southern plantation agriculture; contrasted with Northern free-labor practices.
John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry
- Anti-slavery militant's raid aimed to incite a slave rebellion, striking fear into Southern slaveholders.
Election of 1860
- Presidential election featuring Lincoln (Republican) primarily supported in the North while the South was divided; Lincoln's victory prompted South Carolina's secession.
Protective Tariff
- Intended to keep prices on U.S.-made goods lower than imports; deeply unpopular in the South, contributing to the Nullification Crisis.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
- Harriet Beecher Stowe's influential novel highlighting the brutal realities of slavery, raising anti-slavery sentiments in the North.
Northern/Union Advantages
- Strong economy, extensive railroad networks, larger population, and leadership under Lincoln.
Southern/Confederacy Advantages
- High motivation fueled by defense of their way of life and skilled military leaders.
Initial Civil War Engagements
- First battle at Fort Sumter resulted in a Confederate victory. Bull Run (Manassas) marked the first major battle, also won by Confederates.
- Hampton Roads was the first naval battle involving ironclad ships, ending in a tie.
Major Civil War Battles
- Antietam became the bloodiest single day with 22,000 casualties, yielding a Union victory.
- Gettysburg was the deadliest battle in U.S. history, marking a turning point in the war, with 51,000 casualties.
Siege of Vicksburg
- Union victory under Ulysses S. Grant led to control of the Mississippi River, implementing the Anaconda Plan.
Burning of Atlanta
- General Sherman captured and destroyed Atlanta, demonstrating the strategy of total war as he marched across Georgia.
Surrender at Appomattox Court House
- Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant, effectively concluding the Civil War.
Results of the Civil War
- Emancipated approximately 4 million slaves, resulting in 620,000 casualties. Crucial infrastructure damages necessitated rebuilding and political restructuring, while rights for Black Americans emerged as a pressing issue.
Gettysburg Address
- Lincoln's speech redefined the war's purpose to encompass equality and the end of slavery, delivered at a cemetery dedication.
Emancipation Proclamation
- Issued on January 1, 1863, declared freedom for slaves in states rebelling against the Union.
Leadership Figures
- Union President: Abraham Lincoln
- Confederacy President: Jefferson Davis
- Union Commander: Ulysses S. Grant
- Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee
- Notable Abolitionist: Frederick Douglass, who advocated for equal rights and enlisted Black soldiers.
- Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross, significantly aiding injured soldiers.
- John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln on April 14, 1865.
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