NE Agonists and Blockers

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Questions and Answers

Which adrenergic receptor type is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction?

Beta 2

Alpha 2

Beta 1

Alpha 1 (correct)

What is the primary effect of Beta 2 adrenergic receptor activation?

Increased heart rate

Vasoconstriction

Bronchodilation (correct)

Increased peripheral resistance

What is the main outcome of the re-uptake of norepinephrine into the neuron?

Activation of muscle contraction

Decreased norepinephrine levels in the synapse (correct)

Enhanced adrenergic receptor sensitivity

Increased blood pressure

How does Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor activation affect insulin release?

Inhibits insulin release Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a direct-acting adrenergic drug?

Phenylephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic drug class is known for stimulating norepinephrine release?

Indirect-acting Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect results from Beta 1 receptor activation?

Increased myocardial contractility Signup and view all the answers

What role does MAO have in the control of norepinephrine levels?

Breaks down norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of beta 2 receptors in the body?

Relaxing smooth muscles in various systems like respiratory and vascular Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sympathomimetic drugs is true?

They can act directly by binding to receptors or indirectly by releasing norepinephrine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of dopamine on renal blood vessels?

Dilation and decreased resistance, resulting in lowered blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is primarily associated with indirect agonists in the context of neurotransmitter release?

Releasing norepinephrine stored in neuron vesicles Signup and view all the answers

What effect do beta 2 receptors have on pancreatic beta cells?

Trigger increased insulin release into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is classified as an indirect acting agonist?

Amphetamine Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor subtype has a higher affinity for epinephrine over norepinephrine?

Beta 2 Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is affected by Agonist drug binding to adrenergic receptors?

Increased cAMP production Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of beta adrenergic agonists on muscle cells?

Activation of muscle hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not classified as a sympathomimetic?

Bupropion Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is primarily known as a beta-agonist used for respiratory issues?

Albuterol Signup and view all the answers

Which sympathomimetic drug is primarily used as a vasoconstrictor?

Oxymetazoline Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following receptor types binds norepinephrine equally to epinephrine?

Beta 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary clinical effect of phenylephrine when it acts as an alpha 1 agonist?

Nasal decongestant Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is indicated for increasing blood pressure through alpha 1 receptor stimulation?

Midodrine Signup and view all the answers

Which beta agonist is primarily used to relieve bronchoconstriction?

Albuterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of isoproterenol in terms of receptor interaction?

Beta 1 = Beta 2 agonist Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of epinephrine during anaphylactic shock?

Increasing cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is classified as a pure beta agonist?

Dobutamine Signup and view all the answers

Which beta agonist is commonly used for acute asthmatic bronchoconstriction?

Terbutaline Signup and view all the answers

What pharmacological effect does clonidine have through alpha 2 receptor agonism?

Lower blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic use of amphetamines?

Treatment of narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication is used topically for reducing conjunctival itching caused by allergies?

Alpha agonists Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic receptors are primarily involved in suppressing premature labor?

Beta 2 receptors Signup and view all the answers

What can beta activation lead to in terms of blood pressure regulation?

Decreased peripheral resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which action is associated with alpha agonists in the management of eye conditions?

Increase outflow of aqueous humor Signup and view all the answers

In the genitourinary tract, which receptor type promotes contraction of the bladder?

Alpha receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects do beta receptors on fat cells primarily have?

Increase lipolysis Signup and view all the answers

What effect do beta 2 agonists have on bronchial smooth muscle?

Promote relaxation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of epinephrine?

It causes a rise in blood pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes isoproterenol?

It is a potent beta agonist with little effect on alpha receptors. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of anaphylaxis, which of the following actions is attributed to epinephrine?

It aids in reversing the drop in blood pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cardiovascular adverse effect of sympathomimetic drugs?

Cardiac failure. Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are primarily activated by norepinephrine and epinephrine?

Alpha and beta receptors. Signup and view all the answers

What role does modafinil have in the context of sympathomimetic drugs?

It serves as a stimulant for narcolepsy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sympathomimetic drugs is used for local anesthesia in combination with norepinephrine?

Cocaine. Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is associated with the action of alpha 1 activation from sympathomimetic drugs?

Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Metoprolol is selective for which adrenoceptors?

Beta-1 adrenoceptors Signup and view all the answers

What effects does metoprolol have on the cardiovascular system?

Decreases heart rate and blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

In which organ is metoprolol primarily metabolized (biotransformed)?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Why must beta-adrenergic antagonists be used with caution in asthmatics?

They can cause bronchospasm. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are reversible alpha receptor agonists?

phentolamine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an irreversible alpha receptor antagonist?

phenoxybenzamine Signup and view all the answers

Match each alpha blocker drug to its description

phenoxybenzamine = Major ADR is orthostatic hypotension, drug enters CNS and causes sedation and nausea phentolamine = ADR, compensatory cardiac stimulation, leading to severe tachycardia, arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia prazosin = selective alpha 1 blocker, used widely to treat hypertension also relaxes smooth muscle in the prostrate, used to treat BHP terazosin = reversible alpha 1 blocker, used in hypertension and to treat BHP Signup and view all the answers

Match each alpha blocker drug to its description

<h1>doxazosin = hypertension and BHP tamsulosin = most efficacy of all for treatment BHP, acts mostly on prostate ; alpha 1A subtypes of alpha receptors; orthostatic hypotension is possible</h1> = Signup and view all the answers

What are non-selective alpha blockers used to treat?

Pheochromocytoma (adrenal bone tumor) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug has a high bioavailability following oral dosing?

Pindolol Signup and view all the answers

Which drug has a short half-life of 10 minutes?

Esmolol Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is highly lipid soluble and can enter the CNS?

Propranolol Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of all local anesthetics?

Blocking sodium channels in neurons Signup and view all the answers

Match each drug to its selectivity, partial agonist activity and lipid solubility

B1 selective = metoprolol; atenolol; nebivolol No Partial agonist activity = propranolol; metoprolol; atenolol; nebivolol; timolol; nadolol Partial agonist activity = pindolol Low lipid solubility = atenolol; nebivolol; nadolol Signup and view all the answers

Match each drug to its lipid solubility and half life

Moderate lipid solubilty = metoprolol; pindolol; timolol High lipid solubility = propranolol Longer half-life (more than 6 hours) = atenolol; metoprolol; nebivolol; nadolol Shorter half life (less than 7 hours) = pindolol; propranolol; timolol Signup and view all the answers

What drug is used for both performance anxiety and migraines?

Propranolol Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following displaces stored biogenic amines from nerve terminals?

tyramine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following block the reuptake of the amine back into storage in the neuron?

cocaine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are antagonists to phenylephrine? (Select all that apply)

prazosin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an antagonist to isoproterenol?

propranolol Signup and view all the answers

Match each receptor type to its description

Alpha 1 = coupled to phospholipase C which forms inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG); IP3 increases intracellular calcium which activate various protein kinases Alpha 2 = inhibits adenylyl cyclase which decreases cAMP levels Beta 1, 2, 3 = all stimulate adenylyl cyclase and increase cAMP levels DA receptors = all stimulate adenylyl cyclase and increase cAMP levels Signup and view all the answers

Which desensitization is described below: caused by repeated exposure to agonist drug

Homologous Desensitization Signup and view all the answers

Which desensitization is described below: receptor A undergoes homologous desensitization which causes receptor B which never saw the agonist drug but it becomes desensitized also

Heterologous Desensitization Signup and view all the answers

What is a good example of a drug that inhibits the NET and raises NE, which stimulates alpha and beta receptors?

Cocaine Signup and view all the answers

Which alpha 1 agonist leads to urinary retention? It is also used to treat orthostatic hypertension

midodrine Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is both an agonist and antagonist at alpha 2 receptors and stops NE from binding or being produced?

clonidine Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common clinical presentation of a pheochromocytoma?

Catecholamine excess leading to high blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following alpha blockers is indicated for the treatment of urinary obstruction in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

Prazosin Signup and view all the answers

What commonly occurs during postural changes associated with alpha blocker use?

Postural hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect seen with the use of alpha antagonists?

Reflex tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT primarily treated with alpha blockers?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is specifically mentioned as the drug of choice for managing pheochromocytoma post-operatively?

Phenoxybenzamine Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which ergot derivatives primarily help in the treatment of migraines?

Blocking alpha receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable clinical use of selective alpha1 antagonists?

Controlling hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

In what way do sympatholytics primarily exert their effects?

By blocking endogenous catecholamine action Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic use of clonidine, an alpha 2 agonist?

Reduce hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily released by pheochromocytomas that leads to symptoms of palpitations and sweating?

Norepinephrine and epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects the duration of action of reversible alpha antagonists?

The half-life and maintenance of plasma concentration Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenoceptor antagonist is classified as a non-selective beta blocker?

Propranolol Signup and view all the answers

How might beta blockers affect individuals who are insulin-dependent?

Exacerbate hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of these drugs is specifically indicated for heart rate reduction?

Atenolol Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with high lipid solubility beta antagonists?

Sleep disturbances and depression Signup and view all the answers

Which muscarinic agonist is mentioned in the context of parasympathetic activity?

Muscarine Signup and view all the answers

What effect is commonly associated with the use of atenolol compared to other beta blockers?

Reduced central nervous system side effects. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of beta antagonists on intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma?

They reduce intraocular pressure by blocking aqueous humor production. Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is primarily indicated for the treatment of hypertension combined with diuretics and/or vasodilators?

Atenolol Signup and view all the answers

How do beta 2 selective beta blockers affect metabolism, particularly in diabetes patients?

They inhibit lipolysis, which can be problematic for diabetic patients. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic use of metoprolol in clinical practice?

It is utilized to manage angina and improve exercise tolerance. Signup and view all the answers

In treating hyperthyroidism, which effect do beta blockers like propranolol exhibit?

They help in controlling elevated heart rates due to excess hormones. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmacology I, Chapter 9: NE Agonists (Sympathomimetics)

Case Study: A 68-year-old male presented with lightheadedness upon standing, worsened by meals, decreased sweating, and urinary retention. He was taking the alpha-1 antagonist, tamsulosin, for urinary retention, but it worsened his orthostatic hypotension. His supine blood pressure was 167/84 mmHg and standing blood pressure was 106/55 mmHg. Heart rate did not compensate. The diagnosis was pure autonomic failure, unrelated to other diseases or drugs.
Case Study (continued): The patient had lost sympathetic tone. Tamsulosin, an alpha blocker, worsened his condition. Midodrine, an alpha agonist, might be helpful. The patient should avoid over-the-counter sympathomimetics and sympatholytics.
Catecholamines: Adrenergic neurotransmitters include norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Chemical structures of each are shown.
Adrenergic Neurotransmitter Discovery: J. Axelrod (1912-2004) won the Nobel Prize in 1970 for discovering the uptake and release of catecholamine neurotransmitters.
Sympathomimetics (Adrenergic Agonists): These drugs mimic the actions of the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenal glands (L. add + renal), sympathetic nervous system, and adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine (NE). Locations are in the CNS and linking between ganglia and effector organs within the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Sympathetic Drugs/Terms: Norepinephrine (NE), Epinephrine (EP), Dopamine (DA) are catecholamines. Derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Adrenergics (Gr. work) NE, EP, DA. (Commonly used terms to refer to these substances)
Receptor Organization, Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Pathway: The information presented in diagram form, showing the CNS, ACh, NE, adrenergic receptors (α1, α2, β1, β2). Diagram also presents the parasympathetic and somatic pathways.
NE at Adrenergic Neurons: Steps 1-6 in the synthesis, storage, release, receptor binding, re-uptake, and removal of NE from the synapse.
Adrenergic Receptors: Alpha1: Actions include vasoconstriction, increased peripheral resistance, increased blood pressure (BP), mydriasis, increased closure of the bladder sphincter.
Adrenergic Receptors: Alpha2: Actions include inhibition of NE release, inhibition of insulin release.
Adrenergic Receptors: Beta1: Actions include tachycardia, increased lipolysis, increased myocardial contractility, increased renin release.
Adrenergic Receptors: Beta2: Actions include vasodilation, decreased peripheral resistance, bronchodilation, relaxation of uterine smooth muscle.
Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetics Drugs (Table 9-1): This table lists receptor type, agonist, antagonist, G protein, effects, and chromosome location. (Detailed Table)
Adrenergic Drugs (Direct-Acting/Indirect-Acting): A direct-acting drug binds to receptors (e.g., epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, phenylephrine). An indirect-acting drug causes the release of norepinephrine (e.g., tyramine, amphetamine).
Adrenergic Drugs (Mixed Action): This category includes drugs with both direct- and indirect-acting effects (e.g., ephedrine, metaraminol).
Cardiac Innervation: Parasympathetic (ACh) and sympathetic (NE) systems. NE causes constriction (+), ACh causes relaxation (-). Diagram also presents blood vessels and the heart.
Sympathomimetics: This section explains the categories and different type of drugs.
Relative receptor affinities of Adrenergic Agonists (Table 9-2): This table provides details on the relative binding affinities of various agonists to different receptor subtypes (e.g., α1, α2, β1, β2). (Detailed Table)
Distribution of adrenoceptor subtypes (Table 9-3): Details on the presence and actions of receptor subtypes on various tissues and organs. (Detailed Table)
Alpha 1 Receptors: Locations (vascular smooth muscle, pupil dilator muscle, pilomotor smooth muscle), effect of activation (contraction).
Alpha 2 Receptors: Locations (adrenal and cholinergic nerve terminals, platelets, smooth muscle, fat cells), effect of activation (inhibition of NE release, inhibition of insulin release, inhibition of lipolysis)
Beta 1 Receptors: Location (heart, juxtaglomerular cells), effect of activation (increase heart rate/force).
Beta 2 Receptors: Location (smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, liver), effect of activation (muscle relaxation, glycogenolysis).
Dopamine Receptors: Locations and functions. Different types and effects. Activation stimulates adenyl cyclase and increases cAMP second messenger.
Receptor Desensitization: Repeated exposure leads to a decrease in receptor response. There are homologous (in the exposed receptor) and heterologous (in other receptors) forms
Points to Remember: Important features and locations of Alpha 1, Beta 1, and Beta 2 receptors highlighted, summarizing their functions.
Pharmacokinetics of Isoproterenol/Methoxamine: Includes information on absorption and distribution depending on substitutions in the chemical structure.
Beta Agonists (Table): A table with examples, receptor subtypes, and clinical effects. List includes examples of drug names.
Alpha Receptor Agonists (Table): Another table with examples, receptor subtypes, and clinical effects. List includes example of drug names.
Anaphylaxis: Epinephrine is the treatment of choice.
Bronchi (asthma): Beta agonists (mostly Beta 2) treat acute asthmatic bronchoconstriction with short-acting examples such as terbutaline, albuterol, and metaproterenol.
Cardiovascular: NE increases blood flow in acute heart failure and some types of shock. Beta 1 agonists useful here.
CNS effects of Amphetamines: Weight loss, attention-deficit disorder, narcolepsy, mood altering effects.
Eye drug effects: Alpha agonists are used topically for conjunctival itching and for glaucoma.
Genitourinary Tract: Beta 2 agonists used to suppress premature labor and ephedrine for continence problems. Alpha receptors are also involved in the bladder.
Summary I and Summary 2: These pages include summary points on various aspects of adrenergic agonists, and how to organize, classify, or categorize them.
Cardiovascular Effects of NE: NE causes total peripheral resistance increase, leading to arterial pressure elevation. Also causes vascular bed constriction and a subsequent increase in BP. In response to higher BP, the body activates parasympathetic output to the heart, increasing the heartbeat. Despite this, norepinephrine activation of beta 1 receptors causes a decrease in the heart rate.
Specific Sympathomimetic Drugs: Clinically relevant drugs, their classifications, and use cases described more specifically.
Selective Sympathomimetics: Including dexmedetomidine, tyramine, and others, based on specificity and use.
Clonidine (Catapres®): An alpha 2 agonist, lowering sympathetic outflow, reducing heart rate, and having multiple functions with a presynaptic/postsynaptic effect.
Dopamine (Intropin®): A dopamine receptor agonist, primarily used as a vasodilator at low doses for renal and coronary blood vessels. In high doses, it functions more like noradrenaline. Activates beta 1 receptors.
Importance of Receptor Type in Clinical Practice: Focuses on a patient with reactive airway disease and a mild heart attack. The need to use beta 2 receptor agonists targeting the lung but not stimulating the heart is emphasized.
Epinephrine (Adrenalin): Potent vasoconstrictor and cardiac stimulant, increasing blood pressure.
Norepinephrine: Similar effects to epinephrine.
Isoproterenol: Potent beta agonist primarily, with limited effect on alpha receptors, and a potent vasodilator effect.
Sympathomimetic Drugs (General): Raising blood pressure via drug reactions, decreased blood volume, and infections via reduced blood flow in surgery and local anesthesia, to reduce diffusion and efficacy. Shock is also mentioned.
Sympathomimetics (Effects): Anaphylactic shock, caused by immediate IgE-mediated reactions, addressed and reversed by epinephrine (EP). CNS effects are discussed for drug use, like modafinil (amphetamine analog) in narcolepsy and for ADHD (methylphenidate, clonidine).
Sympathomimetic Receptors, General (Summary): Describes receptor subtypes, specificity, and activation effects, like varying receptor subtypes and their varied activation pathways to achieve activation/inactivation of an action.
Agonist Drug Binding Mechanism: Detailed mechanism to achieve activation (e.g., activation of G proteins and cAMP, downstream signaling pathways).

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NE Agonists and Blockers

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Questions and Answers

Which adrenergic receptor type is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction?

What is the primary effect of Beta 2 adrenergic receptor activation?

What is the main outcome of the re-uptake of norepinephrine into the neuron?

How does Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor activation affect insulin release?

Which of the following is classified as a direct-acting adrenergic drug?

Which adrenergic drug class is known for stimulating norepinephrine release?

What physiological effect results from Beta 1 receptor activation?

What role does MAO have in the control of norepinephrine levels?

What is the primary role of beta 2 receptors in the body?

Which of the following statements about sympathomimetic drugs is true?

What is the effect of dopamine on renal blood vessels?

Which mechanism is primarily associated with indirect agonists in the context of neurotransmitter release?

What effect do beta 2 receptors have on pancreatic beta cells?

Which drug is classified as an indirect acting agonist?

Which receptor subtype has a higher affinity for epinephrine over norepinephrine?

Which mechanism is affected by Agonist drug binding to adrenergic receptors?

What is the primary action of beta adrenergic agonists on muscle cells?

Which of the following is not classified as a sympathomimetic?

Which substance is primarily known as a beta-agonist used for respiratory issues?

Which sympathomimetic drug is primarily used as a vasoconstrictor?

Which of the following receptor types binds norepinephrine equally to epinephrine?

What is the primary clinical effect of phenylephrine when it acts as an alpha 1 agonist?

Which drug is indicated for increasing blood pressure through alpha 1 receptor stimulation?

Which beta agonist is primarily used to relieve bronchoconstriction?

What is the role of isoproterenol in terms of receptor interaction?

What is the primary action of epinephrine during anaphylactic shock?

Which of the following drugs is classified as a pure beta agonist?

Which beta agonist is commonly used for acute asthmatic bronchoconstriction?

What pharmacological effect does clonidine have through alpha 2 receptor agonism?

What is the primary therapeutic use of amphetamines?

Which type of medication is used topically for reducing conjunctival itching caused by allergies?

Which adrenergic receptors are primarily involved in suppressing premature labor?

What can beta activation lead to in terms of blood pressure regulation?

Which action is associated with alpha agonists in the management of eye conditions?

In the genitourinary tract, which receptor type promotes contraction of the bladder?

Which of the following effects do beta receptors on fat cells primarily have?

What effect do beta 2 agonists have on bronchial smooth muscle?

What is the primary effect of epinephrine?

Which of the following correctly describes isoproterenol?

In the context of anaphylaxis, which of the following actions is attributed to epinephrine?

What is a potential cardiovascular adverse effect of sympathomimetic drugs?

Which receptors are primarily activated by norepinephrine and epinephrine?

What role does modafinil have in the context of sympathomimetic drugs?

Which of the following sympathomimetic drugs is used for local anesthesia in combination with norepinephrine?

What outcome is associated with the action of alpha 1 activation from sympathomimetic drugs?

Metoprolol is selective for which adrenoceptors?

What effects does metoprolol have on the cardiovascular system?

In which organ is metoprolol primarily metabolized (biotransformed)?

Why must beta-adrenergic antagonists be used with caution in asthmatics?

Which of the following are reversible alpha receptor agonists?

Which of the following is an irreversible alpha receptor antagonist?

Match each alpha blocker drug to its description

Match each alpha blocker drug to its description

What are non-selective alpha blockers used to treat?

Which drug has a high bioavailability following oral dosing?

Which drug has a short half-life of 10 minutes?

Which drug is highly lipid soluble and can enter the CNS?

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of all local anesthetics?

Match each drug to its selectivity, partial agonist activity and lipid solubility

Match each drug to its lipid solubility and half life

What drug is used for both performance anxiety and migraines?

Which of the following displaces stored biogenic amines from nerve terminals?

Which of the following block the reuptake of the amine back into storage in the neuron?

Which of the following are antagonists to phenylephrine? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following is an antagonist to isoproterenol?

Match each receptor type to its description

Which desensitization is described below: caused by repeated exposure to agonist drug

Which desensitization is described below: receptor A undergoes homologous desensitization which causes receptor B which never saw the agonist drug but it becomes desensitized also

What is a good example of a drug that inhibits the NET and raises NE, which stimulates alpha and beta receptors?

Which alpha 1 agonist leads to urinary retention? It is also used to treat orthostatic hypertension

Which drug is both an agonist and antagonist at alpha 2 receptors and stops NE from binding or being produced?

What is the most common clinical presentation of a pheochromocytoma?

Which of the following alpha blockers is indicated for the treatment of urinary obstruction in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

What commonly occurs during postural changes associated with alpha blocker use?

What is a common side effect seen with the use of alpha antagonists?

Which of the following conditions is NOT primarily treated with alpha blockers?