Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following pathways are reduced in size in children with oblique spastic diplegia?
Which of the following pathways are reduced in size in children with oblique spastic diplegia?
The ascending thalamocortical pathways are less affected in children with oblique spastic diplegia.
The ascending thalamocortical pathways are less affected in children with oblique spastic diplegia.
False
What type of imaging technique was used in the study regarding injury variability in white matter tracts?
What type of imaging technique was used in the study regarding injury variability in white matter tracts?
Diffusion tensor imaging
In children with __________ spastic diplegia, both the corticospinal and thalamocortical pathways are reduced in size.
In children with __________ spastic diplegia, both the corticospinal and thalamocortical pathways are reduced in size.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What is the most common type of cerebral palsy?
What is the most common type of cerebral palsy?
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Prematurity is a major cause of spastic diplegia.
Prematurity is a major cause of spastic diplegia.
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What type of brain lesions are associated with hemiplegia in cerebral palsy?
What type of brain lesions are associated with hemiplegia in cerebral palsy?
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The condition characterized by symmetric scars in the putamen and thalamus is known as __________.
The condition characterized by symmetric scars in the putamen and thalamus is known as __________.
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Match the types of cerebral palsy with their respective neuro-pathology:
Match the types of cerebral palsy with their respective neuro-pathology:
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of spastic quadriplegia?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of spastic quadriplegia?
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Ischemia is a potential cause of both spastic diplegia and spastic quadriplegia.
Ischemia is a potential cause of both spastic diplegia and spastic quadriplegia.
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What neuropathological changes are associated with extrapyramidal cerebral palsy?
What neuropathological changes are associated with extrapyramidal cerebral palsy?
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Which of the following medications can be used to treat dystonia?
Which of the following medications can be used to treat dystonia?
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Dorsal rhizotomy involves the resection of ventral nerve rootlets.
Dorsal rhizotomy involves the resection of ventral nerve rootlets.
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What is the typical frequency for repeat targeted injections in the management of dystonia?
What is the typical frequency for repeat targeted injections in the management of dystonia?
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This treatment for spasticity involves partial sensory deafferentation of the spinal cord: ______.
This treatment for spasticity involves partial sensory deafferentation of the spinal cord: ______.
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Match the treatment methods with their primary focus:
Match the treatment methods with their primary focus:
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Which statement about chemodenervation agents is true?
Which statement about chemodenervation agents is true?
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Botulinum toxin A is used to improve upper extremity tone control compared to the intrathecal baclofen pump.
Botulinum toxin A is used to improve upper extremity tone control compared to the intrathecal baclofen pump.
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What is the purpose of injections into the salivary glands in dystonia treatment?
What is the purpose of injections into the salivary glands in dystonia treatment?
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What is commonly disturbed in mitochondrial function?
What is commonly disturbed in mitochondrial function?
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Oxidative stress is associated with decreased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Oxidative stress is associated with decreased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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What are two common surgical complications associated with procedures on the dorsal spinal rootlets?
What are two common surgical complications associated with procedures on the dorsal spinal rootlets?
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Mitochondria contain their own __________.
Mitochondria contain their own __________.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Which factors influence the response to stimulation for Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)?
Which factors influence the response to stimulation for Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)?
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The presence of fixed muscle contractures is a good predictor of response to neurosurgery.
The presence of fixed muscle contractures is a good predictor of response to neurosurgery.
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What are two metabolic processes that may be altered within the mitochondria?
What are two metabolic processes that may be altered within the mitochondria?
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Which of the following disorders has a presentation age that can occur at any age?
Which of the following disorders has a presentation age that can occur at any age?
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All enzyme deficiencies listed are associated with cognitive delay.
All enzyme deficiencies listed are associated with cognitive delay.
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What is the common symptom present in both AD GTPCH-D and TH-D disorders?
What is the common symptom present in both AD GTPCH-D and TH-D disorders?
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The disorder associated with deficiency in dihydropteridine reductase is known as ______.
The disorder associated with deficiency in dihydropteridine reductase is known as ______.
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Match the disorders with their corresponding features:
Match the disorders with their corresponding features:
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Which enzyme deficiency is commonly associated with epilepsy?
Which enzyme deficiency is commonly associated with epilepsy?
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SR-D is characterized by a presentation in infancy with no autonomic features.
SR-D is characterized by a presentation in infancy with no autonomic features.
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Which enzyme deficiency can cause symptoms to occur from infancy to childhood?
Which enzyme deficiency can cause symptoms to occur from infancy to childhood?
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The clinical feature of ______ is characterized by muscle weakness affecting the lower limbs.
The clinical feature of ______ is characterized by muscle weakness affecting the lower limbs.
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Which of the following disorders does NOT have a common cognitive delay?
Which of the following disorders does NOT have a common cognitive delay?
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Study Notes
Cerebral Palsy
- Cerebral palsy is a disorder affecting muscle movement and coordination, often caused by brain damage during development.
Types of Cerebral Palsy
- Spastic diplegia: Affects both legs more severely than the arms.
- Spastic quadriplegia: Affects all four limbs.
- Hemiplegia: Affects one side of the body.
- Extrapyramidal (athetoid, dyskinetic): Characterized by involuntary movements.
Causes of Cerebral Palsy
- Prematurity: A major cause of spastic diplegia.
- Periventricular leukomalacia: Damage to white matter near the ventricles of the brain, often leading to spastic diplegia and quadriplegia.
- Ischemia: Restricted blood flow to the brain.
- Infection: Inflammation of the brain.
- Endocrine/metabolic disorders: Problems with hormone production or metabolism.
- Stroke: Interruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to hemiplegia.
- Asphyxia: Lack of oxygen to the brain, often causing extrapyramidal cerebral palsy.
- Kernicterus: Brain damage caused by high levels of bilirubin, a yellow breakdown product of red blood cells, leading to extrapyramidal cerebral palsy.
- Mitochondrial disorders: Disorders affecting the mitochondria, the energy-producing units within cells, leading to extrapyramidal cerebral palsy.
Neurological Pathways in Cerebral Palsy
- In children with spastic diplegia, both the corticospinal and thalamocortical pathways are reduced in size, affecting movement control.
- The ascending thalamocortical pathways are more affected than the descending corticospinal pathways.
Treatments for Cerebral Palsy
- Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy (SDR): A surgery that involves cutting nerve roots in the spinal cord to reduce spasticity.
- Intrathecal Baclofen (ITB) Pump: A pump implanted to deliver baclofen, a medication that relaxes muscles, directly into the spinal fluid to reduce spasticity.
- Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): A surgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes in the brain to stimulate specific areas, used to treat severe spasticity and dystonia.
- Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A): Injections to relax specific muscles, often used to treat focal spasticity or dystonia.
- Orthopedic interventions: Surgeries and other treatments to address physical problems caused by cerebral palsy, such as contractures and deformities.
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies
- A group of disorders that affect the mitochondria, the energy-producing units within cells.
- Causes: Genetic mutations, environmental factors.
- Symptoms: Muscle weakness, fatigue, vision problems, hearing loss, intellectual disability, seizures.
- Treatments: There is no cure, but treatments aim to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
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Description
This quiz covers the various types of cerebral palsy, their causes, and effects on muscle movement and coordination. Test your understanding of this complex disorder and learn about its impact on individuals. Explore key terms related to cerebral palsy and enhance your knowledge about this condition.
