Cerebral Blood Flow and TIA Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the minimal cerebral metabolic rate of O₂ (CMRO2) required for brain function?

  • 55 ml/kg/min
  • 33 ml/kg/min (correct)
  • 22 ml/kg/min
  • 40-55%

    • What happens when the energy level falls below 22 ml/kg/min?

  • Functional problems
  • Normal electrical activity
  • Dizziness, concentration & memory problems
  • Structural & cell death (correct)

    • What percentage of cerebral blood flow (BF) is required to maintain the neurons in the brain?

  • 60%
  • 40% (correct)
  • 22%
  • 33%

    • What is the approximate blood flow (BF) to the brain?

    <p>750 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stroke is typically caused by atherosclerosis or other pathological causes?

    <p>Thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current preferred test for patients with a suspected TIA?

    <p>MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of intracerebral hemorrhage?

    <p>Blood is released into the brain matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the demand for blood flow in the brain at different heart rates?

    <p>At 120-140 HR, the brain requires above 100 ml/kg/min of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of energy for the brain?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't fatty acids be used by the brain?

    <p>Fatty acids cannot cross the blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the brain need a lot of ATP?

    <p>Both neurons and astrocytes require ATP for their respective functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of penetrating arterioles in the brain?

    <p>They control blood flow to discrete regions of the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of innervation from the PNS to pial arteries?

    <p>To decrease vessel tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>CPP = MAP - ICP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms is NOT proposed for autoregulation of cerebral blood flow?

    <p>Endothelial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter acts on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) to increase intracellular calcium levels in neurons?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) in the regulation of cortical microvessels?

    <p>To dilate vessels by generating cGMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a vasoactive mediator released from pyramidal cells and GABA interneurons?

    <p>Prostacyclin (PGI2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cerebral blood flow (CBF) during severe hypocapnia?

    <p>CBF decreases due to vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme metabolizes heme in phagocytes?

    <p>Heme oxygenase (HO-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of iron-binding proteins in phagocytes?

    <p>To prevent oxidative cell damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transcription factor is activated by ICH and perpetuates inflammation and oxidative stress?

    <p>NF-B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transcription factor inhibits NF-B and induces antioxidative defense components?

    <p>PPAR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transcription factor acts as an effective regulator of oxidative stress and blood detoxification components?

    <p>Nrf2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of PPAR in hematoma cleanup?

    <p>Stimulates phagocytosis mediated hematoma cleanup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?

    <p>In cerebral autoregulatory failure, the curve shifts to the left.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the intracranial pressure (ICP) increases?

    <p>Herniation of the brain stem may occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of feedforward control in regulating cerebral blood flow (CBF)?

    <p>It occurs before changes in blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, or other metabolites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of feedback control of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?

    <p>It can lead to blackouts in imminent danger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the approximate cerebral metabolic rate of O₂ (CMRO2) required for brain function?

    <p>33 ml/kg/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the energy level falls below 22 ml/kg/min?

    <p>Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate blood flow (BF) to the brain?

    <p>750 mL to 1L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate content of O₂ in blood that is absorbed by the brain?

    <p>40-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vasoactive mediators is released from pyramidal cells and GABA interneurons?

    <p>Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of severe hypercapnia on the autoregulation range of cerebral resistance vessels?

    <p>Decreased autoregulation range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of severe hypocapnia on the caliber of maximally constricted cerebral resistance vessels?

    <p>Smaller than normocapnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of severe hypocapnia on the autoregulation range of cerebral resistance vessels?

    <p>Increased autoregulation range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between heart rate (HR) and the demand for blood flow in the brain?

    <p>As HR increases, the demand for blood flow in the brain increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why fatty acids cannot be used by the brain as an energy source?

    <p>Fatty acids cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of astrocytes in the regulation of blood flow in the brain?

    <p>Astrocytes pump sodium outside the astrocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the regulation of blood flow in the brain?

    <p>Regulation of blood flow in the brain is primarily feedforward-based.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a proposed mechanism for autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?

    <p>Endothelial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>CPP = MAP - ICP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation on cerebral blood flow (CBF)?

    <p>SNS stimulation constricts pial arterioles, leading to decreased CBF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients with chronic hypertension (CAH)?

    <p>The upper and lower limits of autoregulation are shifted to higher levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

    <p>Arteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between thrombotic and embolic strokes?

    <p>Thrombotic strokes are caused by a partially occluded vessel while embolic strokes are caused by an artery-to-artery stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of intracerebral hemorrhage?

    <p>Toxicity to cells caused by heme and iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hemopexin in the body?

    <p>To bind to heme and protect the body from toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a vasoactive mediator released from astrocytes in the brain?

    <p>NO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?

    <p>It is regionally heterogeneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cerebral blood flow (CBF) during severe hypercapnia?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>CPP = MAP - ICP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for metabolizing heme in phagocytes?

    <p>Heme oxygenase (HO-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of iron-binding proteins in phagocytes?

    <p>To sequester iron and prevent oxidative cell damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transcription factor acts as an effective regulator of oxidative stress and blood detoxification components?

    <p>Nrf2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transcription factor inhibits NF-B and induces antioxidative defense components?

    <p>PPAR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of PPAR in hematoma cleanup?

    <p>Stimulates phagocytosis mediated hematoma cleanup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when intracranial pressure (ICP) increases?

    <p>Activates transcription factor NFB, perpetuating inflammation and oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is responsible for metabolizing heme in phagocytes?

    <p>Heme oxygenase (HO-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of iron-binding proteins in phagocytes?

    <p>To prevent oxidative cell damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transcription factor acts as an effective regulator of oxidative stress and blood detoxification components?

    <p>Nrf2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of PPAR in hematoma cleanup?

    <p>Stimulates phagocytosis mediated hematoma cleanup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of severe hypercapnia on the autoregulation range of cerebral resistance vessels?

    <p>Decreases the autoregulation range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of intracerebral hemorrhage?

    <p>Perpetuation of inflammation and oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why fatty acids cannot be used by the brain as an energy source?

    <p>Fatty acids cannot cross the blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms is NOT proposed for autoregulation of cerebral blood flow?

    <p>Vasodilatory mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when intracranial pressure (ICP) increases?

    <p>Cerebral blood flow decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a vasoactive mediator released from astrocytes in the brain?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

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