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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the minimal cerebral metabolic rate of Oâ‚‚ (CMRO2) required for brain function?
Which of the following is the minimal cerebral metabolic rate of Oâ‚‚ (CMRO2) required for brain function?
- 55 ml/kg/min
- 33 ml/kg/min (correct)
- 22 ml/kg/min
- 40-55%
What happens when the energy level falls below 22 ml/kg/min?
What happens when the energy level falls below 22 ml/kg/min?
- Functional problems
- Normal electrical activity
- Dizziness, concentration & memory problems
- Structural & cell death (correct)
What percentage of cerebral blood flow (BF) is required to maintain the neurons in the brain?
What percentage of cerebral blood flow (BF) is required to maintain the neurons in the brain?
- 60%
- 40% (correct)
- 22%
- 33%
What is the approximate blood flow (BF) to the brain?
What is the approximate blood flow (BF) to the brain?
Which type of stroke is typically caused by atherosclerosis or other pathological causes?
Which type of stroke is typically caused by atherosclerosis or other pathological causes?
What is the main cause of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
What is the main cause of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
What is the current preferred test for patients with a suspected TIA?
What is the current preferred test for patients with a suspected TIA?
What is the main feature of intracerebral hemorrhage?
What is the main feature of intracerebral hemorrhage?
Which of the following is true about the demand for blood flow in the brain at different heart rates?
Which of the following is true about the demand for blood flow in the brain at different heart rates?
What is the main source of energy for the brain?
What is the main source of energy for the brain?
Why can't fatty acids be used by the brain?
Why can't fatty acids be used by the brain?
Why does the brain need a lot of ATP?
Why does the brain need a lot of ATP?
Which of the following is a characteristic of penetrating arterioles in the brain?
Which of the following is a characteristic of penetrating arterioles in the brain?
What is the aim of innervation from the PNS to pial arteries?
What is the aim of innervation from the PNS to pial arteries?
What is the relationship between cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and intracranial pressure (ICP)?
What is the relationship between cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and intracranial pressure (ICP)?
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT proposed for autoregulation of cerebral blood flow?
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT proposed for autoregulation of cerebral blood flow?
Which neurotransmitter acts on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) to increase intracellular calcium levels in neurons?
Which neurotransmitter acts on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) to increase intracellular calcium levels in neurons?
What is the main role of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) in the regulation of cortical microvessels?
What is the main role of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) in the regulation of cortical microvessels?
Which of the following is NOT a vasoactive mediator released from pyramidal cells and GABA interneurons?
Which of the following is NOT a vasoactive mediator released from pyramidal cells and GABA interneurons?
What happens to cerebral blood flow (CBF) during severe hypocapnia?
What happens to cerebral blood flow (CBF) during severe hypocapnia?
Which enzyme metabolizes heme in phagocytes?
Which enzyme metabolizes heme in phagocytes?
What is the function of iron-binding proteins in phagocytes?
What is the function of iron-binding proteins in phagocytes?
Which transcription factor is activated by ICH and perpetuates inflammation and oxidative stress?
Which transcription factor is activated by ICH and perpetuates inflammation and oxidative stress?
Which transcription factor inhibits NF-B and induces antioxidative defense components?
Which transcription factor inhibits NF-B and induces antioxidative defense components?
Which transcription factor acts as an effective regulator of oxidative stress and blood detoxification components?
Which transcription factor acts as an effective regulator of oxidative stress and blood detoxification components?
What is the role of PPAR in hematoma cleanup?
What is the role of PPAR in hematoma cleanup?
Which of the following is true about the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
Which of the following is true about the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
What happens when the intracranial pressure (ICP) increases?
What happens when the intracranial pressure (ICP) increases?
What is the role of feedforward control in regulating cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
What is the role of feedforward control in regulating cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
What is the main disadvantage of feedback control of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
What is the main disadvantage of feedback control of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
Which of the following is the approximate cerebral metabolic rate of Oâ‚‚ (CMRO2) required for brain function?
Which of the following is the approximate cerebral metabolic rate of Oâ‚‚ (CMRO2) required for brain function?
What happens when the energy level falls below 22 ml/kg/min?
What happens when the energy level falls below 22 ml/kg/min?
What is the approximate blood flow (BF) to the brain?
What is the approximate blood flow (BF) to the brain?
What is the approximate content of Oâ‚‚ in blood that is absorbed by the brain?
What is the approximate content of Oâ‚‚ in blood that is absorbed by the brain?
Which of the following vasoactive mediators is released from pyramidal cells and GABA interneurons?
Which of the following vasoactive mediators is released from pyramidal cells and GABA interneurons?
What is the effect of severe hypercapnia on the autoregulation range of cerebral resistance vessels?
What is the effect of severe hypercapnia on the autoregulation range of cerebral resistance vessels?
What is the effect of severe hypocapnia on the caliber of maximally constricted cerebral resistance vessels?
What is the effect of severe hypocapnia on the caliber of maximally constricted cerebral resistance vessels?
What is the effect of severe hypocapnia on the autoregulation range of cerebral resistance vessels?
What is the effect of severe hypocapnia on the autoregulation range of cerebral resistance vessels?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between heart rate (HR) and the demand for blood flow in the brain?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between heart rate (HR) and the demand for blood flow in the brain?
What is the main reason why fatty acids cannot be used by the brain as an energy source?
What is the main reason why fatty acids cannot be used by the brain as an energy source?
What is the main role of astrocytes in the regulation of blood flow in the brain?
What is the main role of astrocytes in the regulation of blood flow in the brain?
Which of the following best describes the regulation of blood flow in the brain?
Which of the following best describes the regulation of blood flow in the brain?
Which of the following is NOT a proposed mechanism for autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
Which of the following is NOT a proposed mechanism for autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
What is the relationship between cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and intracranial pressure (ICP)?
What is the relationship between cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and intracranial pressure (ICP)?
What is the effect of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation on cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
What is the effect of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation on cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
What happens to the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients with chronic hypertension (CAH)?
What happens to the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients with chronic hypertension (CAH)?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
What is the main difference between thrombotic and embolic strokes?
What is the main difference between thrombotic and embolic strokes?
What is the main feature of intracerebral hemorrhage?
What is the main feature of intracerebral hemorrhage?
What is the role of hemopexin in the body?
What is the role of hemopexin in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a vasoactive mediator released from astrocytes in the brain?
Which of the following is NOT a vasoactive mediator released from astrocytes in the brain?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
What happens to cerebral blood flow (CBF) during severe hypercapnia?
What happens to cerebral blood flow (CBF) during severe hypercapnia?
What is the relationship between cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and intracranial pressure (ICP)?
What is the relationship between cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and intracranial pressure (ICP)?
Which enzyme is responsible for metabolizing heme in phagocytes?
Which enzyme is responsible for metabolizing heme in phagocytes?
What is the function of iron-binding proteins in phagocytes?
What is the function of iron-binding proteins in phagocytes?
Which transcription factor acts as an effective regulator of oxidative stress and blood detoxification components?
Which transcription factor acts as an effective regulator of oxidative stress and blood detoxification components?
Which transcription factor inhibits NF-B and induces antioxidative defense components?
Which transcription factor inhibits NF-B and induces antioxidative defense components?
What is the role of PPAR in hematoma cleanup?
What is the role of PPAR in hematoma cleanup?
What happens when intracranial pressure (ICP) increases?
What happens when intracranial pressure (ICP) increases?
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for metabolizing heme in phagocytes?
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for metabolizing heme in phagocytes?
What is the function of iron-binding proteins in phagocytes?
What is the function of iron-binding proteins in phagocytes?
Which transcription factor acts as an effective regulator of oxidative stress and blood detoxification components?
Which transcription factor acts as an effective regulator of oxidative stress and blood detoxification components?
What is the role of PPAR in hematoma cleanup?
What is the role of PPAR in hematoma cleanup?
What is the effect of severe hypercapnia on the autoregulation range of cerebral resistance vessels?
What is the effect of severe hypercapnia on the autoregulation range of cerebral resistance vessels?
What is the main feature of intracerebral hemorrhage?
What is the main feature of intracerebral hemorrhage?
What is the main reason why fatty acids cannot be used by the brain as an energy source?
What is the main reason why fatty acids cannot be used by the brain as an energy source?
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT proposed for autoregulation of cerebral blood flow?
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT proposed for autoregulation of cerebral blood flow?
What happens when intracranial pressure (ICP) increases?
What happens when intracranial pressure (ICP) increases?
Which of the following is NOT a vasoactive mediator released from astrocytes in the brain?
Which of the following is NOT a vasoactive mediator released from astrocytes in the brain?
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