70 Questions
Which of the following is the minimal cerebral metabolic rate of O₂ (CMRO2) required for brain function?
33 ml/kg/min
What happens when the energy level falls below 22 ml/kg/min?
Structural & cell death
What percentage of cerebral blood flow (BF) is required to maintain the neurons in the brain?
40%
What is the approximate blood flow (BF) to the brain?
750 mL
Which type of stroke is typically caused by atherosclerosis or other pathological causes?
Thrombosis
What is the main cause of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Atherosclerosis
What is the current preferred test for patients with a suspected TIA?
MRI
What is the main feature of intracerebral hemorrhage?
Blood is released into the brain matter
Which of the following is true about the demand for blood flow in the brain at different heart rates?
At 120-140 HR, the brain requires above 100 ml/kg/min of blood
What is the main source of energy for the brain?
Glucose
Why can't fatty acids be used by the brain?
Fatty acids cannot cross the blood-brain barrier
Why does the brain need a lot of ATP?
Both neurons and astrocytes require ATP for their respective functions
Which of the following is a characteristic of penetrating arterioles in the brain?
They control blood flow to discrete regions of the cortex
What is the aim of innervation from the PNS to pial arteries?
To decrease vessel tone
What is the relationship between cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and intracranial pressure (ICP)?
CPP = MAP - ICP
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT proposed for autoregulation of cerebral blood flow?
Endothelial
Which neurotransmitter acts on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) to increase intracellular calcium levels in neurons?
Glutamate
What is the main role of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) in the regulation of cortical microvessels?
To dilate vessels by generating cGMP
Which of the following is NOT a vasoactive mediator released from pyramidal cells and GABA interneurons?
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
What happens to cerebral blood flow (CBF) during severe hypocapnia?
CBF decreases due to vasoconstriction
Which enzyme metabolizes heme in phagocytes?
Heme oxygenase (HO-1)
What is the function of iron-binding proteins in phagocytes?
To prevent oxidative cell damage
Which transcription factor is activated by ICH and perpetuates inflammation and oxidative stress?
NF-B
Which transcription factor inhibits NF-B and induces antioxidative defense components?
PPAR
Which transcription factor acts as an effective regulator of oxidative stress and blood detoxification components?
Nrf2
What is the role of PPAR in hematoma cleanup?
Stimulates phagocytosis mediated hematoma cleanup
Which of the following is true about the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
In cerebral autoregulatory failure, the curve shifts to the left.
What happens when the intracranial pressure (ICP) increases?
Herniation of the brain stem may occur.
What is the role of feedforward control in regulating cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
It occurs before changes in blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, or other metabolites.
What is the main disadvantage of feedback control of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
It can lead to blackouts in imminent danger.
Which of the following is the approximate cerebral metabolic rate of O₂ (CMRO2) required for brain function?
33 ml/kg/min
What happens when the energy level falls below 22 ml/kg/min?
Stroke
What is the approximate blood flow (BF) to the brain?
750 mL to 1L
What is the approximate content of O₂ in blood that is absorbed by the brain?
40-50%
Which of the following vasoactive mediators is released from pyramidal cells and GABA interneurons?
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
What is the effect of severe hypercapnia on the autoregulation range of cerebral resistance vessels?
Decreased autoregulation range
What is the effect of severe hypocapnia on the caliber of maximally constricted cerebral resistance vessels?
Smaller than normocapnia
What is the effect of severe hypocapnia on the autoregulation range of cerebral resistance vessels?
Increased autoregulation range
Which of the following best describes the relationship between heart rate (HR) and the demand for blood flow in the brain?
As HR increases, the demand for blood flow in the brain increases.
What is the main reason why fatty acids cannot be used by the brain as an energy source?
Fatty acids cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
What is the main role of astrocytes in the regulation of blood flow in the brain?
Astrocytes pump sodium outside the astrocytes.
Which of the following best describes the regulation of blood flow in the brain?
Regulation of blood flow in the brain is primarily feedforward-based.
Which of the following is NOT a proposed mechanism for autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
Endothelial
What is the relationship between cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and intracranial pressure (ICP)?
CPP = MAP - ICP
What is the effect of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation on cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
SNS stimulation constricts pial arterioles, leading to decreased CBF
What happens to the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients with chronic hypertension (CAH)?
The upper and lower limits of autoregulation are shifted to higher levels
Which of the following is NOT a cause of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Arteritis
What is the main difference between thrombotic and embolic strokes?
Thrombotic strokes are caused by a partially occluded vessel while embolic strokes are caused by an artery-to-artery stroke
What is the main feature of intracerebral hemorrhage?
Toxicity to cells caused by heme and iron
What is the role of hemopexin in the body?
To bind to heme and protect the body from toxicity
Which of the following is NOT a vasoactive mediator released from astrocytes in the brain?
NO
Which of the following is a characteristic of the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF)?
It is regionally heterogeneous
What happens to cerebral blood flow (CBF) during severe hypercapnia?
It increases
What is the relationship between cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and intracranial pressure (ICP)?
CPP = MAP - ICP
Which enzyme is responsible for metabolizing heme in phagocytes?
Heme oxygenase (HO-1)
What is the function of iron-binding proteins in phagocytes?
To sequester iron and prevent oxidative cell damage
Which transcription factor acts as an effective regulator of oxidative stress and blood detoxification components?
Nrf2
Which transcription factor inhibits NF-B and induces antioxidative defense components?
PPAR
What is the role of PPAR in hematoma cleanup?
Stimulates phagocytosis mediated hematoma cleanup
What happens when intracranial pressure (ICP) increases?
Activates transcription factor NFB, perpetuating inflammation and oxidative stress
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for metabolizing heme in phagocytes?
Heme oxygenase (HO-1)
What is the function of iron-binding proteins in phagocytes?
To prevent oxidative cell damage
Which transcription factor acts as an effective regulator of oxidative stress and blood detoxification components?
Nrf2
What is the role of PPAR in hematoma cleanup?
Stimulates phagocytosis mediated hematoma cleanup
What is the effect of severe hypercapnia on the autoregulation range of cerebral resistance vessels?
Decreases the autoregulation range
What is the main feature of intracerebral hemorrhage?
Perpetuation of inflammation and oxidative stress
What is the main reason why fatty acids cannot be used by the brain as an energy source?
Fatty acids cannot cross the blood-brain barrier
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT proposed for autoregulation of cerebral blood flow?
Vasodilatory mechanism
What happens when intracranial pressure (ICP) increases?
Cerebral blood flow decreases
Which of the following is NOT a vasoactive mediator released from astrocytes in the brain?
Acetylcholine
Quiz: Understanding Cerebral Blood Flow and Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) Test your knowledge about cerebral blood flow and transient ischemic attack (TIA) with this quiz. Learn about the irreversible reduction in function when CBF goes below 20 and stays there, and how the OEF remains low even if blood flow is restored. Explore the causes and symptoms of TIA, a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain or retinal ischemia.
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