Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the corticopontocerebellar pathway?
What is the primary function of the corticopontocerebellar pathway?
- Cognitive processing and decision-making
- Motor coordination and control (correct)
- Emotional regulation and impulse control
- Sensory processing and integration
Which of the following is a common symptom of cerebellar lesions?
Which of the following is a common symptom of cerebellar lesions?
- Hypertonia
- Paresis
- Spasticity
- Dysmetria (correct)
What is the term for the inability to make rapidly alternating movements?
What is the term for the inability to make rapidly alternating movements?
- Asynergia
- Ataxia
- Dysmetria
- Dysdiadochokinesia (correct)
What is the primary output of the cerebellum that is affected in cerebellar lesions?
What is the primary output of the cerebellum that is affected in cerebellar lesions?
What is the term for the inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement?
What is the term for the inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement?
What is the primary region of the brain affected in cerebellar lesions?
What is the primary region of the brain affected in cerebellar lesions?
What is the primary function of the vestibulospinal tract?
What is the primary function of the vestibulospinal tract?
Which part of the cerebellum is involved in regulating equilibrium?
Which part of the cerebellum is involved in regulating equilibrium?
What is the primary function of the dentate and interposed nuclei?
What is the primary function of the dentate and interposed nuclei?
What is the primary function of the fastigial nucleus?
What is the primary function of the fastigial nucleus?
What is the primary function of the superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP)?
What is the primary function of the superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP)?
What is the primary function of the vestibulocerebellum?
What is the primary function of the vestibulocerebellum?
Which cranial nerves originate from specific locations outside the brainstem?
Which cranial nerves originate from specific locations outside the brainstem?
What type of fibers carry general sensation such as touch, pressure, and pain?
What type of fibers carry general sensation such as touch, pressure, and pain?
Which motor fibers are responsible for controlling involuntary muscles?
Which motor fibers are responsible for controlling involuntary muscles?
What is the term for motor fibers that control voluntary muscles that developed from branchial arches?
What is the term for motor fibers that control voluntary muscles that developed from branchial arches?
Which cranial nerve nucleus sends innervation to the contralateral muscle?
Which cranial nerve nucleus sends innervation to the contralateral muscle?
What is the term for the pathway from the cortex to the cranial nerves nuclei in the brainstem?
What is the term for the pathway from the cortex to the cranial nerves nuclei in the brainstem?
What is one of the roles of the cerebellum mentioned in the text?
What is one of the roles of the cerebellum mentioned in the text?
Which function does the cerebellum NOT play a role in, as per the text?
Which function does the cerebellum NOT play a role in, as per the text?
Which of the following is NOT influenced by the cerebellum as mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT influenced by the cerebellum as mentioned in the text?
What does the cerebellum compare in order to correct movements?
What does the cerebellum compare in order to correct movements?
What does the cerebellum allow you to do without overshooting?
What does the cerebellum allow you to do without overshooting?
What does hypotonia refer to in terms of muscle tone?
What does hypotonia refer to in terms of muscle tone?
Which term describes the lack of coordination between muscles or body parts normally working together?
Which term describes the lack of coordination between muscles or body parts normally working together?
What does asynergy lead to when severe?
What does asynergy lead to when severe?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for asynergia?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for asynergia?
Which cranial nerve does not innervate the ipsilateral (same) side?
Which cranial nerve does not innervate the ipsilateral (same) side?
Which cranial nerve passes through the cranial foramen to reach peripheral targets in the face/neck?
Which cranial nerve passes through the cranial foramen to reach peripheral targets in the face/neck?
What is the primary function of spinal reflexes?
What is the primary function of spinal reflexes?
What is the integrating center for spinal reflexes?
What is the integrating center for spinal reflexes?
What is the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex?
What is the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex?
What type of reflex exhibits reciprocal innervation?
What type of reflex exhibits reciprocal innervation?
What is the function of the stretch reflex?
What is the function of the stretch reflex?
What is the sequence of components in a reflex arc?
What is the sequence of components in a reflex arc?
What is the primary function of the stretch reflex?
What is the primary function of the stretch reflex?
What is the role of the Golgi tendon organs in the tendon reflex?
What is the role of the Golgi tendon organs in the tendon reflex?
What is the purpose of the crossed extensor reflex?
What is the purpose of the crossed extensor reflex?
What is the term for the reflex that is a test for dysfunctional corticospinal tract?
What is the term for the reflex that is a test for dysfunctional corticospinal tract?
What is the result of the flexor reflex on the affected limb?
What is the result of the flexor reflex on the affected limb?
What is the type of reflex arc involved in the tendon reflex?
What is the type of reflex arc involved in the tendon reflex?
What is the normal response to stroking the outside sole from heel to toe with a pointed object?
What is the normal response to stroking the outside sole from heel to toe with a pointed object?
In which age group does the Babinski reflex cause an upward (extensor) movement of the big toe?
In which age group does the Babinski reflex cause an upward (extensor) movement of the big toe?
What is the purpose of the Achilles Reflex test?
What is the purpose of the Achilles Reflex test?
What is the typical result of the Achilles Reflex test in disk herniation at the L5-S1 level?
What is the typical result of the Achilles Reflex test in disk herniation at the L5-S1 level?
What is the effect of peripheral neuropathy on the Achilles Reflex test?
What is the effect of peripheral neuropathy on the Achilles Reflex test?
Where do the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts originate from?
Where do the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts originate from?
What is the function of the corticospinal tract?
What is the function of the corticospinal tract?
Where do the lower motor neurons of cranial nerves have their cell bodies?
Where do the lower motor neurons of cranial nerves have their cell bodies?
What is the pathway of the corticospinal tract in the spinal cord?
What is the pathway of the corticospinal tract in the spinal cord?
Where do the upper motor neurons terminate?
Where do the upper motor neurons terminate?
What is the function of the lower motor neurons?
What is the function of the lower motor neurons?
What is the primary function of the motor tracts of the spinal cord?
What is the primary function of the motor tracts of the spinal cord?
What are the two classifications of the motor tracts of the spinal cord?
What are the two classifications of the motor tracts of the spinal cord?
What is the primary function of the corticospinal tract?
What is the primary function of the corticospinal tract?
Where are the upper motor neurons (UMNs) of the pyramidal tracts located?
Where are the upper motor neurons (UMNs) of the pyramidal tracts located?
At what level do the majority of the corticospinal tract fibers cross?
At what level do the majority of the corticospinal tract fibers cross?
What is the function of the axons of the lower motor neurons (LMNs)?
What is the function of the axons of the lower motor neurons (LMNs)?
What type of tracts regulate body movements that are subconscious or postural in nature?
What type of tracts regulate body movements that are subconscious or postural in nature?
Which part of the spinal cord contains the lateral corticospinal tract?
Which part of the spinal cord contains the lateral corticospinal tract?
What is the characteristic of muscles in upper motor neuron lesions?
What is the characteristic of muscles in upper motor neuron lesions?
What is the destination of the axons of the lower motor neurons (LMNs)?
What is the destination of the axons of the lower motor neurons (LMNs)?
What inputs does the corticospinal tract receive?
What inputs does the corticospinal tract receive?
What is the pathway of the descending fibers of the corticospinal tract?
What is the pathway of the descending fibers of the corticospinal tract?
What is the primary function of the upper motor neuron?
What is the primary function of the upper motor neuron?
What is the result of damage to the lower motor neuron?
What is the result of damage to the lower motor neuron?
What is the term for the increased muscle tone due to prolonged contraction?
What is the term for the increased muscle tone due to prolonged contraction?
Which type of paralysis occurs due to the loss of control from the upper motor neuron?
Which type of paralysis occurs due to the loss of control from the upper motor neuron?
What is the term for the muscle twitching seen in lower motor neuron lesions?
What is the term for the muscle twitching seen in lower motor neuron lesions?
What is the primary function of the corticospinal tracts?
What is the primary function of the corticospinal tracts?
What is the function of the pontine reticulospinal tract?
What is the function of the pontine reticulospinal tract?
What is the role of the spinomesencephalic tract in pain modulation?
What is the role of the spinomesencephalic tract in pain modulation?
What is the decussation pattern of the medullary reticulospinal tract?
What is the decussation pattern of the medullary reticulospinal tract?
Where do the reticulospinal tracts terminate?
Where do the reticulospinal tracts terminate?
What is the function of the periaqueductal gray region in pain modulation?
What is the function of the periaqueductal gray region in pain modulation?
What is the role of the reticulospinal tracts in postural changes?
What is the role of the reticulospinal tracts in postural changes?
What is the length of the spinal cord?
What is the length of the spinal cord?
Where does the spinal cord start from?
Where does the spinal cord start from?
What is the function of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord?
What is the function of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord?
At what level does the spinal cord end in adults?
At what level does the spinal cord end in adults?
Why does the spinal cord extend as low as the level of the L3 vertebra in newborn infants?
Why does the spinal cord extend as low as the level of the L3 vertebra in newborn infants?
What is the shape of the spinal cord when viewed externally?
What is the shape of the spinal cord when viewed externally?
What is the section of the spinal cord that gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves known as?
What is the section of the spinal cord that gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves known as?
Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons associated with the dorsal root of a spinal nerve located?
Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons associated with the dorsal root of a spinal nerve located?
What is the bundle of roots that includes the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves called?
What is the bundle of roots that includes the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves called?
What housing structure contains the dorsal root ganglion associated with the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves?
What housing structure contains the dorsal root ganglion associated with the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves?
How many cervical segments are present in the spinal cord?
How many cervical segments are present in the spinal cord?
At which level does the spinal cord end in relation to vertebrae?
At which level does the spinal cord end in relation to vertebrae?
Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic neurons located in the spinal cord?
Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic neurons located in the spinal cord?
Which part of the gray matter in the spinal cord contains the motor neurons cell bodies?
Which part of the gray matter in the spinal cord contains the motor neurons cell bodies?
In which column of the spinal cord's white matter are myelinated nerve fibers organized for postural movements?
In which column of the spinal cord's white matter are myelinated nerve fibers organized for postural movements?
Which segment of the spinal cord has a larger representation of parasympathetic neurons?
Which segment of the spinal cord has a larger representation of parasympathetic neurons?
What type of neurons are housed in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord?
What type of neurons are housed in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord?
The lateral horns of the spinal cord's T1 to L2 segments contain the cell bodies of neurons responsible for __________.
The lateral horns of the spinal cord's T1 to L2 segments contain the cell bodies of neurons responsible for __________.
What is the function of the Cranial Nerve VIII?
What is the function of the Cranial Nerve VIII?
Which Cranial Nerve emerges from the brainstem in the lateral medulla and exits the posterior cranial fossa through the jugular foramen?
Which Cranial Nerve emerges from the brainstem in the lateral medulla and exits the posterior cranial fossa through the jugular foramen?
What is the function of the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve?
What is the function of the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve?
What is the function of the GVE axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?
What is the function of the GVE axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?
Which of the following is NOT an extracranial branch of the facial nerve?
Which of the following is NOT an extracranial branch of the facial nerve?
What is the function of the SVA axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?
What is the function of the SVA axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?
What is the function of the stapedius muscle?
What is the function of the stapedius muscle?
Which part of the cortex is responsible for processing taste information?
Which part of the cortex is responsible for processing taste information?
What is the function of the GVA axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?
What is the function of the GVA axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?
What is the function of the GSA axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?
What is the function of the GSA axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?
What is the function of the posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve?
What is the function of the posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve?
Which of the following is a type of modality transmitted by the facial nerve?
Which of the following is a type of modality transmitted by the facial nerve?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the voluntary motor function of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the voluntary motor function of the tongue?
What is the typical presentation of a patient with a CN XII injury?
What is the typical presentation of a patient with a CN XII injury?
Which muscle is innervated contralaterally by the cortex?
Which muscle is innervated contralaterally by the cortex?
What is the function of the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)?
What is the function of the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)?
What is the typical response to a CN IX sensory problem?
What is the typical response to a CN IX sensory problem?
What is the pathway of the CN XI nerve?
What is the pathway of the CN XI nerve?
What could be a potential cause of Bell's Palsy?
What could be a potential cause of Bell's Palsy?
Which type of nerve damage would likely result in dry eye or mouth in Bell's Palsy?
Which type of nerve damage would likely result in dry eye or mouth in Bell's Palsy?
What symptom would likely arise from damage to the SVE portion of the facial nerve?
What symptom would likely arise from damage to the SVE portion of the facial nerve?
In a Bell's Palsy patient, what might be the outcome of touching cotton gauze to the left eye only?
In a Bell's Palsy patient, what might be the outcome of touching cotton gauze to the left eye only?
Which area of the nerve being damaged could lead to impairment of taste in Bell's Palsy?
Which area of the nerve being damaged could lead to impairment of taste in Bell's Palsy?
What type of damage to the facial nerve would cause weakness, twitching, or paralysis of facial muscles in Bell's Palsy?
What type of damage to the facial nerve would cause weakness, twitching, or paralysis of facial muscles in Bell's Palsy?
What does the Vagus nerve innervate in the majority of the muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate?
What does the Vagus nerve innervate in the majority of the muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate?
What anatomical region is innervated by the GSA axons of the Vagus nerve?
What anatomical region is innervated by the GSA axons of the Vagus nerve?
What senses does the SVA axons of the Vagus nerve carry from the taste regions?
What senses does the SVA axons of the Vagus nerve carry from the taste regions?
What is the function of the GVE axons of the Vagus nerve related to the viscera?
What is the function of the GVE axons of the Vagus nerve related to the viscera?
What nerves branch off from the Vagus nerve in case of injury, affecting the muscles of the larynx/voice box?
What nerves branch off from the Vagus nerve in case of injury, affecting the muscles of the larynx/voice box?
What is a common patient presentation of Vagus nerve injury related specifically to the nerves traveling posterior to the thyroid?
What is a common patient presentation of Vagus nerve injury related specifically to the nerves traveling posterior to the thyroid?
What is the primary function of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?
What is the primary function of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?
In which region of the brain does the medial lemniscus synapse with the third-order neuron?
In which region of the brain does the medial lemniscus synapse with the third-order neuron?
What is the destination of the axon of the third-order neuron in the somatosensory pathway?
What is the destination of the axon of the third-order neuron in the somatosensory pathway?
Where does the axon of the first-order neuron synapse with the second-order neuron?
Where does the axon of the first-order neuron synapse with the second-order neuron?
What is the function of the proprioceptive information transmitted by the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?
What is the function of the proprioceptive information transmitted by the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?
What is the characteristic of the pathway of the second-order neuron in the somatosensory pathway?
What is the characteristic of the pathway of the second-order neuron in the somatosensory pathway?
What is the main function of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?
What is the main function of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?
Where do the axons of the second-order neurons form in the spinal cord?
Where do the axons of the second-order neurons form in the spinal cord?
What is the role of the nucleus dorsalis in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?
What is the role of the nucleus dorsalis in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?
Which tract conveys unconscious proprioception from the upper limb to the cerebellum?
Which tract conveys unconscious proprioception from the upper limb to the cerebellum?
What is the primary function of the anterolateral system?
What is the primary function of the anterolateral system?
What is the pathway of the axons originating from the posterior roots of the lower lumbar and sacral segments?
What is the pathway of the axons originating from the posterior roots of the lower lumbar and sacral segments?
Where is the first-order neuron of the spinothalamic tract located?
Where is the first-order neuron of the spinothalamic tract located?
What is the neurotransmitter used at the synapse between the first- and second-order neurons of the spinothalamic tract?
What is the neurotransmitter used at the synapse between the first- and second-order neurons of the spinothalamic tract?
What is the function of the anterior spinothalamic tract?
What is the function of the anterior spinothalamic tract?
What is the result of the axon of the second-order neuron decussating in the spinothalamic tract?
What is the result of the axon of the second-order neuron decussating in the spinothalamic tract?
What is the significance of the somatosensory map of the postcentral gyrus?
What is the significance of the somatosensory map of the postcentral gyrus?
What is the concept behind the 'gate pain theory'?
What is the concept behind the 'gate pain theory'?
What is the primary function of the spinoreticular tract?
What is the primary function of the spinoreticular tract?
Where do the axons of the second-order neurons in the spinoreticular tract ascend?
Where do the axons of the second-order neurons in the spinoreticular tract ascend?
What is the origin of the first-order neuron in the spinoreticular pathway?
What is the origin of the first-order neuron in the spinoreticular pathway?
Where do the fibres of the spinoreticular tract terminate?
Where do the fibres of the spinoreticular tract terminate?
What type of neurons are involved in the spinoreticular tract?
What type of neurons are involved in the spinoreticular tract?
What is the function of the reticular formation in the spinoreticular tract?
What is the function of the reticular formation in the spinoreticular tract?
What is the role of the spino-olivary tract in the body?
What is the role of the spino-olivary tract in the body?
Where do the axons of the second-order neurons in the spino-olivary tract synapse?
Where do the axons of the second-order neurons in the spino-olivary tract synapse?
What is the role of the PAG in relation to pain?
What is the role of the PAG in relation to pain?
Where do the axons of the third-order neurons in the spino-olivary tract enter?
Where do the axons of the third-order neurons in the spino-olivary tract enter?
What is the pathway of the spino-olivary tract in the spinal cord?
What is the pathway of the spino-olivary tract in the spinal cord?
What is the origin of the first-order neuron in the spino-olivary tract?
What is the origin of the first-order neuron in the spino-olivary tract?
What is the shape of the sacrum bone?
What is the shape of the sacrum bone?
What articulates with the 5th lumbar vertebra?
What articulates with the 5th lumbar vertebra?
What is the function of the posterior sacral foramina?
What is the function of the posterior sacral foramina?
What is the name of the bony ridges on the posterior surface of the sacrum?
What is the name of the bony ridges on the posterior surface of the sacrum?
How many pairs of posterior sacral foramina are present on the sacrum?
How many pairs of posterior sacral foramina are present on the sacrum?
What is the name of the bulge on the anterior surface of the sacrum?
What is the name of the bulge on the anterior surface of the sacrum?
Which part of the femur is directed upward, medialward, and a little forward?
Which part of the femur is directed upward, medialward, and a little forward?
What is the function of the fovea capitis femoris?
What is the function of the fovea capitis femoris?
What is the location of the intertrochanteric line?
What is the location of the intertrochanteric line?
What is the shape of the greater trochanter?
What is the shape of the greater trochanter?
What is the location of the quadrate tubercle?
What is the location of the quadrate tubercle?
What is the shape of the lesser trochanter?
What is the shape of the lesser trochanter?
What is the primary function of the Calcaneus?
What is the primary function of the Calcaneus?
What is the name of the groove on the superior surface of the Calcaneus?
What is the name of the groove on the superior surface of the Calcaneus?
What is the name of the surface on the head of the Talus that articulates with the medial malleolus?
What is the name of the surface on the head of the Talus that articulates with the medial malleolus?
What is the name of the canal formed by the sulcus tali and the similar groove on the upper surface of the Calcaneus?
What is the name of the canal formed by the sulcus tali and the similar groove on the upper surface of the Calcaneus?
How many articular facets are present on the superior surface of the Calcaneus for the Talus?
How many articular facets are present on the superior surface of the Calcaneus for the Talus?
What is the direction of the neck of the Talus?
What is the direction of the neck of the Talus?
What is the name of the joint connecting the thigh bone to the hip bone?
What is the name of the joint connecting the thigh bone to the hip bone?
Which region of the lower limb contains the tarsal bones?
Which region of the lower limb contains the tarsal bones?
How many phalanges are present in the foot for the big toe?
How many phalanges are present in the foot for the big toe?
Which bone articulates superiorly with the L5th vertebra?
Which bone articulates superiorly with the L5th vertebra?
The tarsometatarsal joint is located between which foot bones?
The tarsometatarsal joint is located between which foot bones?
Which bone is NOT part of the regions and bones of the lower limb according to the text?
Which bone is NOT part of the regions and bones of the lower limb according to the text?
What forms the inferior border (ischiopubic ramus) of the hip bone?
What forms the inferior border (ischiopubic ramus) of the hip bone?
Which structure articulates with the body of the pubic bone at the pubic symphysis?
Which structure articulates with the body of the pubic bone at the pubic symphysis?
Where does the superior ramus of Pubis join the ilium and ischium?
Where does the superior ramus of Pubis join the ilium and ischium?
What structure forms the upper boundary of the obturator foramen?
What structure forms the upper boundary of the obturator foramen?
What will turn into the obturator canal by attachment to the margins of the obturator foramen?
What will turn into the obturator canal by attachment to the margins of the obturator foramen?
Which structure carries the pectineal line (pubic pecten)?
Which structure carries the pectineal line (pubic pecten)?
What is the insertion point of the tibialis posterior muscle?
What is the insertion point of the tibialis posterior muscle?
What is the function of the flexor hallucis longus muscle?
What is the function of the flexor hallucis longus muscle?
Which muscle is responsible for plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint and flexion of the leg at the knee joint?
Which muscle is responsible for plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint and flexion of the leg at the knee joint?
What is the origin of the flexor digitorum longus muscle?
What is the origin of the flexor digitorum longus muscle?
What is the function of the popliteus muscle?
What is the function of the popliteus muscle?
What is the insertion point of the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon?
What is the insertion point of the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon?
What is the function of the Gastrocnemius muscle?
What is the function of the Gastrocnemius muscle?
Which nerve is responsible for the function of plantar flexion and inversion of the foot?
Which nerve is responsible for the function of plantar flexion and inversion of the foot?
What is the origin of the Soleus muscle?
What is the origin of the Soleus muscle?
What is the function of the Triceps Surae muscle group?
What is the function of the Triceps Surae muscle group?
What is the role of the Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles in venous blood return?
What is the role of the Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles in venous blood return?
What is the insertion of the Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles?
What is the insertion of the Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles?
What is the function of the Tibialis anterior muscle?
What is the function of the Tibialis anterior muscle?
Which muscle is responsible for extension of the big toe at MTP and IP joints?
Which muscle is responsible for extension of the big toe at MTP and IP joints?
What is the origin of the Extensor digitorum longus muscle?
What is the origin of the Extensor digitorum longus muscle?
What is the function of the Popliteus muscle?
What is the function of the Popliteus muscle?
What is the innervation of the Tibialis anterior muscle?
What is the innervation of the Tibialis anterior muscle?
What is the insertion of the Extensor hallucis longus muscle?
What is the insertion of the Extensor hallucis longus muscle?
What is the origin of the Fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle?
What is the origin of the Fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle?
What is the primary function of the Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle?
What is the primary function of the Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle?
Which compartment of the leg contains the Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle?
Which compartment of the leg contains the Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle?
What is the insertion of the Fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle?
What is the insertion of the Fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle?
What is the primary function of the Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle?
What is the primary function of the Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle?
What is the insertion point of the quadriceps femoris muscle?
What is the insertion point of the quadriceps femoris muscle?
What is the function of the articularis genus muscle?
What is the function of the articularis genus muscle?
Which nerve is responsible for the innervation of the pectineus muscle?
Which nerve is responsible for the innervation of the pectineus muscle?
What is the origin of the adductor brevis muscle?
What is the origin of the adductor brevis muscle?
What is the function of the adductor longus muscle?
What is the function of the adductor longus muscle?
What is the insertion point of the adductor longus muscle?
What is the insertion point of the adductor longus muscle?
What is the origin of the Sartorius muscle?
What is the origin of the Sartorius muscle?
Which quadriceps femoris muscle originates from the medial lip of the linea aspera?
Which quadriceps femoris muscle originates from the medial lip of the linea aspera?
What is the function of the Psoas Major muscle?
What is the function of the Psoas Major muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Extensor muscles of the knee joint?
Which nerve innervates the Extensor muscles of the knee joint?
What is the insertion of the Rectus femoris muscle?
What is the insertion of the Rectus femoris muscle?
What is the function of the Vastus lateralis muscle?
What is the function of the Vastus lateralis muscle?
What is the origin of the posterior head of the adductor magnus muscle?
What is the origin of the posterior head of the adductor magnus muscle?
What is the function of the anterior head of the adductor magnus muscle?
What is the function of the anterior head of the adductor magnus muscle?
What is the innervation of the adductor magnus muscle?
What is the innervation of the adductor magnus muscle?
What is the insertion of the gracilis muscle?
What is the insertion of the gracilis muscle?
What is one of the functions of the gracilis muscle?
What is one of the functions of the gracilis muscle?
What is the term for the combined tendons of insertion of the Sarterious, Gracilis, and Semitendinosus muscles?
What is the term for the combined tendons of insertion of the Sarterious, Gracilis, and Semitendinosus muscles?
What is the shape of the femoral canal in the upper femoral triangle?
What is the shape of the femoral canal in the upper femoral triangle?
What is the term for the gait pattern seen in patients with cerebral palsy, associated with the adductor muscles?
What is the term for the gait pattern seen in patients with cerebral palsy, associated with the adductor muscles?
What is the role of the Gracilis muscle in surgical reconstruction?
What is the role of the Gracilis muscle in surgical reconstruction?
What is the term for the contents of the femoral triangle, using the mnemonic 'NAVEL'?
What is the term for the contents of the femoral triangle, using the mnemonic 'NAVEL'?
What is the name of the muscle also known as the 4th hamstring?
What is the name of the muscle also known as the 4th hamstring?
What muscle is responsible for flexing the thigh and lateral rotation of the thigh?
What muscle is responsible for flexing the thigh and lateral rotation of the thigh?
Which nerve innervates the Adductor Muscles of the hip joint?
Which nerve innervates the Adductor Muscles of the hip joint?
Which muscle is considered part of the iliopsoas due to its distal attachment on the femur's lesser trochanter?
Which muscle is considered part of the iliopsoas due to its distal attachment on the femur's lesser trochanter?
Which muscle is NOT part of the Extensor Muscles of the knee joint?
Which muscle is NOT part of the Extensor Muscles of the knee joint?
Which of the following functions is NOT performed by the Psoas Major muscle?
Which of the following functions is NOT performed by the Psoas Major muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Psoas Major muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Psoas Major muscle?
What type of joint is the intercoccygeal joint classified as?
What type of joint is the intercoccygeal joint classified as?
What is the function of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle?
What is the function of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle?
What is the type of joint that the pubic symphysis is classified as?
What is the type of joint that the pubic symphysis is classified as?
What is the origin of the extensor hallucis brevis muscle?
What is the origin of the extensor hallucis brevis muscle?
What is the relationship between the motion of the SI joints and the symphysis pubis?
What is the relationship between the motion of the SI joints and the symphysis pubis?
Which muscle is responsible for abducting the big toe?
Which muscle is responsible for abducting the big toe?
What is the name of the fascia that lies deep to the first layer of muscles in the sole of the foot?
What is the name of the fascia that lies deep to the first layer of muscles in the sole of the foot?
How many muscles are present in the first layer of the sole of the foot?
How many muscles are present in the first layer of the sole of the foot?
Which muscle is also known as the flexor accessorius?
Which muscle is also known as the flexor accessorius?
How many dorsal interossei muscles are present in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?
How many dorsal interossei muscles are present in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?
Which muscle has its origin at the medial process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus?
Which muscle has its origin at the medial process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus?
What is the insertion point of the flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle?
What is the insertion point of the flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle?
Which muscle has its origin at the cuboid and 3rd (lateral) cuneiform?
Which muscle has its origin at the cuboid and 3rd (lateral) cuneiform?
What is the insertion point of the adductor hallucis muscle?
What is the insertion point of the adductor hallucis muscle?
Which muscle has its origin at the adjacent sides of metatarsal bones?
Which muscle has its origin at the adjacent sides of metatarsal bones?
What is the insertion point of the quadratus plantae muscle?
What is the insertion point of the quadratus plantae muscle?
Which pelvic joint is often the site of low back pain following childbirth?
Which pelvic joint is often the site of low back pain following childbirth?
Which joint of the pelvis sustains more than three times the body weight with each step?
Which joint of the pelvis sustains more than three times the body weight with each step?
Which region of the body transmits large forces between the trunk and the ground?
Which region of the body transmits large forces between the trunk and the ground?
What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint classified as?
What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint classified as?
Which joint in the pelvis transmits forces from the head, arms, and trunk to the lower extremities?
Which joint in the pelvis transmits forces from the head, arms, and trunk to the lower extremities?
Which statement about the hip joints is accurate?
Which statement about the hip joints is accurate?
What is the primary difference between the coverage of the sacral surface and the iliac surface in the sacroiliac (SI) joint?
What is the primary difference between the coverage of the sacral surface and the iliac surface in the sacroiliac (SI) joint?
Which ligament fills the space between the sacrum and the inner side of the iliac tuberosity in the sacroiliac (SI) joint?
Which ligament fills the space between the sacrum and the inner side of the iliac tuberosity in the sacroiliac (SI) joint?
What provides excellent leverage to hold the distal aspect of the sacrum in place against anterior weightbearing forces in the sacroiliac (SI) joint?
What provides excellent leverage to hold the distal aspect of the sacrum in place against anterior weightbearing forces in the sacroiliac (SI) joint?
Which ligaments run obliquely upward and outward from the sacrum in the sacroiliac (SI) joint, creating a self-locking mechanism?
Which ligaments run obliquely upward and outward from the sacrum in the sacroiliac (SI) joint, creating a self-locking mechanism?
How is the sacrococcygeal joint classified, depending on the subject's age?
How is the sacrococcygeal joint classified, depending on the subject's age?
What creates the self-locking mechanism in the sacroiliac (SI) joint by compressing the sacrum between them?
What creates the self-locking mechanism in the sacroiliac (SI) joint by compressing the sacrum between them?
Where does the arcuate popliteal ligament arise from?
Where does the arcuate popliteal ligament arise from?
What is the function of the collateral ligaments in the knee?
What is the function of the collateral ligaments in the knee?
Where is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attached to in the tibia?
Where is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attached to in the tibia?
Which ligament runs from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula?
Which ligament runs from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula?
What happens to the collateral ligaments during flexion of the knee?
What happens to the collateral ligaments during flexion of the knee?
Where are the cruciate ligaments located in the knee joint?
Where are the cruciate ligaments located in the knee joint?
What is the attachment point of the posterior cruciate ligament on the tibia?
What is the attachment point of the posterior cruciate ligament on the tibia?
What is the shape of the medial meniscus?
What is the shape of the medial meniscus?
What is the function of the cruciate ligaments in the knee joint?
What is the function of the cruciate ligaments in the knee joint?
What is the attachment point of the horns of the menisci?
What is the attachment point of the horns of the menisci?
What is the ligament that links the two anterior horns of the menisci?
What is the ligament that links the two anterior horns of the menisci?
What is the location of the cruciate ligaments in relation to the synovial membrane?
What is the location of the cruciate ligaments in relation to the synovial membrane?
What anatomical feature is present on the head for the attachment of the round ligament of the head?
What anatomical feature is present on the head for the attachment of the round ligament of the head?
What is defined by the increase in the angle of anteversion of the femur?
What is defined by the increase in the angle of anteversion of the femur?
In adults, what angle does the head of the femur form with the femoral plane?
In adults, what angle does the head of the femur form with the femoral plane?
What is the effect of a decrease in the angle of anteversion in the femur?
What is the effect of a decrease in the angle of anteversion in the femur?
What is the primary direction in which the acetabulum is oriented?
What is the primary direction in which the acetabulum is oriented?
How is femoral anteversion usually affected with the growth and development of children?
How is femoral anteversion usually affected with the growth and development of children?
Which ligament limits lateral rotation and abduction of the hip?
Which ligament limits lateral rotation and abduction of the hip?
What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?
What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?
Which structure winds the fibers of the hip joint capsule and increases stability by pulling the femur tightly into the acetabulum?
Which structure winds the fibers of the hip joint capsule and increases stability by pulling the femur tightly into the acetabulum?
Which ligament covers the hip joint anteriorly and superiorly?
Which ligament covers the hip joint anteriorly and superiorly?
In what direction do the fibers of the fibrous layer of the hip joint capsule unwind during flexion?
In what direction do the fibers of the fibrous layer of the hip joint capsule unwind during flexion?
Which ligament limits medial rotation of the hip joint?
Which ligament limits medial rotation of the hip joint?
What is the name of the structure that lodges the two intercondylar tubercles?
What is the name of the structure that lodges the two intercondylar tubercles?
Which part of the tibial surface acts as a pivot to allow axial rotation?
Which part of the tibial surface acts as a pivot to allow axial rotation?
What reinforces the knee joint capsule, forming part of its complexity?
What reinforces the knee joint capsule, forming part of its complexity?
Where does the proximal tendon of the popliteus muscle attach?
Where does the proximal tendon of the popliteus muscle attach?
Which muscle forms part of the oblique popliteal ligament and gives off fibers to the MCL and its large bony attachment?
Which muscle forms part of the oblique popliteal ligament and gives off fibers to the MCL and its large bony attachment?
What allows the tibia to rotate around and shorten the intercondylar eminence?
What allows the tibia to rotate around and shorten the intercondylar eminence?
What is the role of the iliotibial tract in the lower limb?
What is the role of the iliotibial tract in the lower limb?
Which muscle is situated on the outer surface of the pelvis?
Which muscle is situated on the outer surface of the pelvis?
What is the origin of the gluteus maximus muscle?
What is the origin of the gluteus maximus muscle?
What is the main function of the gluteus maximus muscle?
What is the main function of the gluteus maximus muscle?
What is the deep fascia of the thigh also known as?
What is the deep fascia of the thigh also known as?
What is the relationship between the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles?
What is the relationship between the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles?
Where does the Superior gemellus muscle originate?
Where does the Superior gemellus muscle originate?
Which nerve innervates the Quadratus femoris muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Quadratus femoris muscle?
What is the common function of the Deep Gluteal Muscles?
What is the common function of the Deep Gluteal Muscles?
Where does the Gluteus minimus muscle insert?
Where does the Gluteus minimus muscle insert?
What causes the Trendelenburg Sign & Gait?
What causes the Trendelenburg Sign & Gait?
Where does the Inferior gemellus muscle insert?
Where does the Inferior gemellus muscle insert?
Which nerve innervates the sartorius muscle despite it being located in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Which nerve innervates the sartorius muscle despite it being located in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Which nerve innervates most of the adductor muscles in the thigh except for the pectineus muscle?
Which nerve innervates most of the adductor muscles in the thigh except for the pectineus muscle?
Which nerve innervates the adductor magnus muscle in the thigh, providing dual innervation to this muscle?
Which nerve innervates the adductor magnus muscle in the thigh, providing dual innervation to this muscle?
Which nerve innervates the hamstring muscle known as the biceps femoris?
Which nerve innervates the hamstring muscle known as the biceps femoris?
Where does the hamstring muscle semitendinosus have its insertion point?
Where does the hamstring muscle semitendinosus have its insertion point?
Which hamstring muscle has its insertion on the posterior aspect of the medial condyle of the tibia?
Which hamstring muscle has its insertion on the posterior aspect of the medial condyle of the tibia?
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Study Notes
Cerebellum
- Affects ipsilateral motor function, balance, and posture
- Fine-tunes skilled motor functions through feedback loops
- Initiates, terminates, coordinates, and times movements
- Plans motor movements, including motor learning
Cerebellum Anatomy
- Anterior and posterior lobes: provide subconscious movements
- Floculonodular lobe: regulates equilibrium
- Vermis: a "worm-like" part separating the two hemispheres
- Folia: gyri-like convolutions on the surface of the cerebellum
- Internal anatomy includes:
- White matter (arbor vitae)
- Gray matter (cortex) surrounding the arbor vitae
- Deep nuclei: dentate, interposed, fastigial
- Peduncles: superior, middle, and inferior
Functional Divisions of the Cerebellum
- Vestibulocerebellum (floculonodular lobe): coordinates balance, eye movements, and equilibrium
- Spinocerebellum: involved in motor coordination and learning
- Cerebrocerebellum: integrates cognitive and motor functions
Cerebellar Lesions
- Causes ataxia (loss of motor coordination)
- Symptoms include:
- Dysmetria (inability to judge distance)
- Dysdiadochokinesia (loss of alternating movement)
- Asynergia (lack of coordination between muscle groups)
- Intention tremor
Cranial Nerves
- 12 pairs, exiting the base of the brain and brainstem
- Pass through cranial foramina to reach peripheral targets in the face and neck
- Functions include:
- Motor control
- Sensory reception
- Special senses (taste, smell, vision, hearing, balance)
Motor Component of Cranial Nerves
- UMNs (upper motor neurons) in the cortex send bilateral innervation to cranial nerve nuclei
- LMNs (lower motor neurons) in the brainstem and spinal cord send ipsilateral innervation to muscles
- Exceptions: CN IV (trochlear nerve) innervates the contralateral superior oblique muscle
Reflexes and Reflex Arcs
- A reflex is a fast, involuntary response to a stimulus
- Reflex arcs include:
- Receptor
- Sensory neuron
- Integrating center
- Motor neuron
- Effector
- Types of reflexes:
- Somatic reflexes (spinal cord)
- Autonomic reflexes (visceral)
- Stretch reflex (muscle length control)
- Tendon reflex (muscle tension control)
- Flexor (withdrawal) reflex (pain withdrawal)
Spinal Cord
- Extends from the medulla oblongata to the level of L1/L2
- External features:
- Cylindrical shape with cervical and lumbar enlargements
- Ventral (anterior) median fissure and dorsal (posterior) median sulcus
- Ventral and dorsal rootlets forming the ventral and dorsal roots of spinal nerves
- Internal features:
- Gray matter (sutural horn, ventral horn, dorsal horn)
- White matter (tracts)
Motor Pathways
- Pyramidal tracts (corticospinal and corticobulbar)
- Extrapyramidal tracts (rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal)
- UMNs (cerebral cortex, brainstem) -> LMNs (brainstem, spinal cord) -> muscles### Internal Features of the Spinal Cord
- The spinal cord consists of gray matter and white matter
- Gray matter is shaped like an "H" with a ventral (anterior) horn and a dorsal (posterior) horn on each side
- The right and left halves of the gray matter are connected by a narrow strip called the gray commissure, which contains the central canal
- In some segments (T1 to L2 and S2 to S4), there is a third horn between the ventral and dorsal horns, known as the lateral horn
- Lateral horns of T1 to L2 segments contain cell bodies of sympathetic neurons
- Lateral horns of S2 to S4 segments contain cell bodies of parasympathetic neurons
- Ventral horns contain cell bodies of motor neurons
- Dorsal horns contain cell bodies of sensory neurons
White Matter of the Spinal Cord
- White matter surrounds the gray matter and is organized into ventral, lateral, and dorsal columns (funiculi) on each half of the spinal cord
- These columns contain bundles of myelinated nerve fibers (tracts) that travel along the length of the spinal cord
Cranial Nerves
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
- Has five modalities: BE/SVE, SVA, GVE, GVA, and GSA
- Fiber types:
- BE/SVE: innervates muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate
- SVA: carries taste perception from the root of the tongue and epiglottis region
- GVE: innervates thoracic and abdominal viscera up to the left colic flexure
- GVA: carries visceral sensation from the thoracic and abdominal viscera
- GSA: carries sensory information from skin posterior to the ear and dura in the posterior cranial fossa
- Injury to the vagus nerve can result in hoarse voice, vocal changes, and difficulty producing speech
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
- Has five modalities: BE/SVE, SVA, GVE, GVA, and GSA
- Fiber types:
- BE/SVE: innervates stylopharyngeus muscle
- SVA: carries taste perception from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
- GVE: innervates the parotid gland
- GVA: carries visceral sensation from the carotid body
- GSA: carries sensory information from skin posterior to the ear and posterior 1/3 of the tongue
- Injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve can result in no response to stimulation
Facial Nerve (CN VII)
- Has five modalities: BE/SVE, SVA, GVE, GVA, and GSA
- Fiber types:
- BE/SVE: voluntary motor control to muscles of facial expression
- SVA: carries taste perception from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
- GVE: innervates the submandibular and sublingual glands
- GVA: carries visceral sensation from the lacrimal gland
- GSA: carries sensory information from skin behind the ear
- Injury to the facial nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of facial muscles
Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
- Voluntary motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
- General Somatic Efferent (GSE)
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
- Voluntary motor to muscles of the tongue
- General Somatic Efferent (GSE)
- Injury to the hypoglossal nerve can result in tongue deviated to the same side as the injury
Reflexes
Corneal Reflex
- Protects the eyes from foreign bodies
- Sensory arc: CN V1 (touch to the surface of the cornea)
- Motor arc: CN VII (orbicularis oculi)
- Desired response: bilateral blinking regardless of input side
Pain Pathways
Spinothalamic Tract
- Conveys pain and temperature information to the thalamus
- First-order neuron: located in the dorsal root ganglion
- Second-order neuron: located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
- Third-order neuron: located in the thalamus
- Axons of the third-order neuron project to the somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex
Gate Pain Theory
- Serotonin and substance P play a role in pain modulation
- Enkephalins and endorphins are natural painkillers
Somatic Nerve Pathways
Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract
- Conveys proprioceptive information from the trunk and lower limbs to the cerebellum
- First-order neuron: located in the dorsal root ganglion
- Second-order neuron: located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
- Axons of the second-order neuron form the dorsal spinocerebellar tract
- Terminates in the cerebellar cortex
Anterolateral System
- Conveys nondiscriminative touch, pain, and temperature information to the thalamus
- Divided into different tracts, including the spinothalamic tract
- First-order neuron: located in the dorsal root ganglion
- Second-order neuron: located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
- Third-order neuron: located in the thalamus
Bones
Hip Bone
- Composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
- Ilium: forms the superior and posterior part of the hip bone
- Ischium: forms the inferior and posterior part of the hip bone
- Pubis: forms the anterior and inferior part of the hip bone
Sacrum
- Composed of five fused vertebrae
- Forms the posterior wall of the pelvis
- Has five pairs of posterior sacral foramina
- Has four pairs of anterior sacral foramina
Femur
- Upper end: has a head, neck, and greater and lesser trochanters
- Body or shaft: strengthened by the linea aspera
- Lower end: has a medial and lateral condyleHere are the study notes for the provided text:
Superior Surface of the Talus
- Presents a smooth trochlear surface for articulation with the inferior surface of the distal end of the tibia
- Forms a canal (sinus tarsi) with the calcaneus, filled with the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
Inferior Surface of the Talus
- Presents two articular areas: the posterior and middle calcaneal surfaces, separated by a deep groove (sulcus tali)
Neck of the Talus
- Directed forward and medially, located between the body and the head of the talus
Head of the Talus
- Looks forward and medially, with an anterior articular or navicular surface that is oval and convex
- Articulates with the medial malleolus
Calcaneus
- The largest of the tarsal bones
- Situated at the lower and back part of the foot, serving to transmit the weight of the body to the ground and forming a strong lever for the calf muscles
- Presents six surfaces
- Superior surface has three articular facets for the talus
- Sulcus (calcaneal sulcus) on the superior surface
Peroneal (Fibularis) Muscles
- Two muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg
- Innervated by the superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve
- Fibularis (peroneus) longus
- Origin: Head of fibula and interosseous membrane
- Insertion: Base of the 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform
- Function: (2) 1. Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint, 2. Plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint
- Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
- Origin: Distal 1/2 of the lateral surface of the fibula
- Insertion: Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal bone
- Function: (2) 1. Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint, 2. Plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint
- Fibularis (peroneus) longus
Other Muscles
- Tibialis posterior
- Origin: Proximal 2/3 of the posterior surface of the tibia and fibula, and interosseous membrane
- Insertion: 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals, navicular, cuboid, and calcaneus
- Function: (2) 1. Plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint, 2. Inversion of the foot at the subtalar joint
- Popliteus
- Origin: Lateral surface of the lateral condyle of the femur
- Insertion: Above the soleal line on the posterior tibia
- Function: (2) 1. Flexion of the leg at the knee joint, 2. Medial rotation of the leg at the knee joint
- Gastrocnemius and soleus
- Form the triceps surae
- Function: (2) 1. Plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint, 2. Flexion of the leg at the knee joint
Anterior Compartment of the Leg
- Muscles innervated by the deep peroneal (fibular) nerve
- Tibialis anterior
- Origin: Lateral condyle and upper 2/3 of the lateral surface of the tibia, and interosseous membrane
- Insertion: 1st (medial) cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal
- Function: (2) 1. Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint, 2. Inversion of the foot at the subtalar joint
- Extensor hallucis longus
- Origin: Middle 1/3 of the anterior surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane
- Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of the big toe
- Function: (3) 1. Extension of the big toe at the MTP and IP joints, 2. Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint, 3. Inversion of the foot at the subtalar joint
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Origin: Lateral condyle of the tibia, proximal 2/3 of the anterior surface of the fibula, and interosseous membrane
- Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5
- Function: (3) 1. Extension of toes 2-5 at the MTP and IP joints, 2. Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint, 3. Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint
- Tibialis anterior
Anatomical Structures Passing Behind the Medial Malleolus
- Mnemonics: Tom Dick Harry (or Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry)
- Popliteal fossa
Muscles Moving the Ankle Joint, Foot, and Toes
- 4 muscles: Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis (peroneus) tertius
Adductor Muscles of the Hip Joint
- Innervated by the obturator nerve
- Adductor longus
- Origin: Anterior surface of the pubis
- Insertion: Middle part of the linea aspera
- Function: (3) 1. Adduction of the thigh at the hip joint, 2. Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint, 3. Lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint
- Adductor brevis
- Origin: Body and inferior ramus of the pubis
- Insertion: Proximal 1/3 of the linea aspera
- Function: (3) 1. Adduction of the thigh at the hip joint, 2. Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint, 3. Lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint
- Adductor magnus
- Origin: Ischiopubic ramus and ischial tuberosity
- Insertion: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle
- Function: (3) 1. Adduction of the thigh at the hip joint, 2. Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint, 3. Extension of the thigh at the hip joint
- Adductor longus
Pelvic Region
- 7 joints: Lumbosacral, sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal, symphysis pubis, hip, and 2 intercoccygeal joints
- Hip joints are the most structurally stable and mobile joints in the body
- Sacroiliac joint can be a site of low back pain
- Pubic symphysis is a cartilaginous symphysis (amphiarthrosis) joint
Foot Muscles
- Dorsal surface of the foot: Extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis
- Sole of the foot: 4 layers of muscles
- 1st layer: Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi, and plantar fascia
- 2nd layer: Flexor hallucis longus tendon, flexor digitorum longus tendon, quadratus plantae, and lumbricals
- 3rd layer: Flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and plantar interossei
- 4th layer: Dorsal interossei
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