Cerebellum Neuroanatomy Lecture Quiz
313 Questions
5 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the corticopontocerebellar pathway?

  • Cognitive processing and decision-making
  • Motor coordination and control (correct)
  • Emotional regulation and impulse control
  • Sensory processing and integration

    • Which of the following is a common symptom of cerebellar lesions?

  • Hypertonia
  • Paresis
  • Spasticity
  • Dysmetria (correct)

    • What is the term for the inability to make rapidly alternating movements?

  • Asynergia
  • Ataxia
  • Dysmetria
  • Dysdiadochokinesia (correct)

    • What is the primary output of the cerebellum that is affected in cerebellar lesions?

    <p>Corticospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement?

    <p>Ataxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary region of the brain affected in cerebellar lesions?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vestibulospinal tract?

    <p>Balance in response to head movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is involved in regulating equilibrium?

    <p>Floculonodular lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the dentate and interposed nuclei?

    <p>Influence on voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fastigial nucleus?

    <p>Regulation of balance and coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP)?

    <p>Transmission of signals from the cerebellum to the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vestibulocerebellum?

    <p>Coordination of eye movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves originate from specific locations outside the brainstem?

    <p>CN I and II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers carry general sensation such as touch, pressure, and pain?

    <p>GSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motor fibers are responsible for controlling involuntary muscles?

    <p>GVE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for motor fibers that control voluntary muscles that developed from branchial arches?

    <p>SVE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve nucleus sends innervation to the contralateral muscle?

    <p>Trochlear nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pathway from the cortex to the cranial nerves nuclei in the brainstem?

    <p>Corticonuclear pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the roles of the cerebellum mentioned in the text?

    <p>Fine tuning of skilled motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function does the cerebellum NOT play a role in, as per the text?

    <p>Memory recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT influenced by the cerebellum as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Muscle growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cerebellum compare in order to correct movements?

    <p>What joints/muscles really did and what the cortex said to do</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cerebellum allow you to do without overshooting?

    <p>Start and stop movements without overshooting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hypotonia refer to in terms of muscle tone?

    <p>Low muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the lack of coordination between muscles or body parts normally working together?

    <p>Asynergia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does asynergy lead to when severe?

    <p>Decomposition of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for asynergia?

    <p>Central Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve does not innervate the ipsilateral (same) side?

    <p>CN I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve passes through the cranial foramen to reach peripheral targets in the face/neck?

    <p>CN V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of spinal reflexes?

    <p>To maintain homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the integrating center for spinal reflexes?

    <p>Gray matter of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex?

    <p>Reflex arc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex exhibits reciprocal innervation?

    <p>Somatic reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the stretch reflex?

    <p>To control muscle length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of components in a reflex arc?

    <p>Receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the stretch reflex?

    <p>To maintain posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Golgi tendon organs in the tendon reflex?

    <p>To activate interneurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the crossed extensor reflex?

    <p>To maintain balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reflex that is a test for dysfunctional corticospinal tract?

    <p>Babinski's reflex or Extensor Plantar Reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the flexor reflex on the affected limb?

    <p>Flexion of the joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of reflex arc involved in the tendon reflex?

    <p>Polysynaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal response to stroking the outside sole from heel to toe with a pointed object?

    <p>Downward (flexor) movement of all toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which age group does the Babinski reflex cause an upward (extensor) movement of the big toe?

    <p>Infants under 1.5 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Achilles Reflex test?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical result of the Achilles Reflex test in disk herniation at the L5-S1 level?

    <p>The reflex is absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of peripheral neuropathy on the Achilles Reflex test?

    <p>The reflex is reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts originate from?

    <p>Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>Voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the lower motor neurons of cranial nerves have their cell bodies?

    <p>Motor nuclei of cranial nerves in the brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of the corticospinal tract in the spinal cord?

    <p>Antero-lateral white columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the upper motor neurons terminate?

    <p>Cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lower motor neurons?

    <p>Innervation of muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the motor tracts of the spinal cord?

    <p>To relay motor instructions to the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two classifications of the motor tracts of the spinal cord?

    <p>Pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>To coordinate, precise, and voluntary skeletal muscle movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the upper motor neurons (UMNs) of the pyramidal tracts located?

    <p>In the cerebral hemispheres' motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level do the majority of the corticospinal tract fibers cross?

    <p>Medulla and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the axons of the lower motor neurons (LMNs)?

    <p>To exit the spinal cord as the ventral root of the spinal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tracts regulate body movements that are subconscious or postural in nature?

    <p>Extrapyramidal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spinal cord contains the lateral corticospinal tract?

    <p>Lateral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of muscles in upper motor neuron lesions?

    <p>Increased muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the destination of the axons of the lower motor neurons (LMNs)?

    <p>Skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inputs does the corticospinal tract receive?

    <p>From the sensory cortex, cerebellum, and others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of the descending fibers of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>Internal capsule, crus cerebri, pons, medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the upper motor neuron?

    <p>Control of movement, determining which LMN will be active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of damage to the lower motor neuron?

    <p>Flaccid paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increased muscle tone due to prolonged contraction?

    <p>Spasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of paralysis occurs due to the loss of control from the upper motor neuron?

    <p>Spastic paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the muscle twitching seen in lower motor neuron lesions?

    <p>Fasciculations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corticospinal tracts?

    <p>Control of movement, determining which LMN will be active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pontine reticulospinal tract?

    <p>Enables extension of the legs to maintain postural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the spinomesencephalic tract in pain modulation?

    <p>It carries pain information from the dorsal horn to the periaqueductal gray region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the decussation pattern of the medullary reticulospinal tract?

    <p>It has both crossed and uncrossed fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the reticulospinal tracts terminate?

    <p>The anterior grey horn of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the periaqueductal gray region in pain modulation?

    <p>It sends impulses to the dorsal horn to block the release of Substance P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the reticulospinal tracts in postural changes?

    <p>They enable extension of the legs to maintain postural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of the spinal cord?

    <p>40-45 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the spinal cord start from?

    <p>Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord?

    <p>Innervating the upper limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level does the spinal cord end in adults?

    <p>L1/L2 intervertebral disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the spinal cord extend as low as the level of the L3 vertebra in newborn infants?

    <p>Due to the growth of the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the spinal cord when viewed externally?

    <p>Cylinder with two enlargements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the section of the spinal cord that gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves known as?

    <p>Segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons associated with the dorsal root of a spinal nerve located?

    <p>Ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bundle of roots that includes the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves called?

    <p>Cauda equina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What housing structure contains the dorsal root ganglion associated with the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves?

    <p>Cell body city</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cervical segments are present in the spinal cord?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which level does the spinal cord end in relation to vertebrae?

    <p>LI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic neurons located in the spinal cord?

    <p>Lateral horns in T1 to L2 segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the gray matter in the spinal cord contains the motor neurons cell bodies?

    <p>Ventral horns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which column of the spinal cord's white matter are myelinated nerve fibers organized for postural movements?

    <p>Lateral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the spinal cord has a larger representation of parasympathetic neurons?

    <p>S2 to S4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons are housed in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord?

    <p>Sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lateral horns of the spinal cord's T1 to L2 segments contain the cell bodies of neurons responsible for __________.

    <p>Regulation of fight or flight responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Cranial Nerve VIII?

    <p>Special Somatic Afferent for hearing and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Cranial Nerve emerges from the brainstem in the lateral medulla and exits the posterior cranial fossa through the jugular foramen?

    <p>Cranial Nerve IX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve?

    <p>Carries taste perception from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the GVE axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?

    <p>Innervate the parotid gland for secretomotor function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an extracranial branch of the facial nerve?

    <p>Greater petrosal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the SVA axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?

    <p>Carry taste perception from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the stapedius muscle?

    <p>Helps to dampen sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cortex is responsible for processing taste information?

    <p>Insula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the GVA axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?

    <p>Carry general visceral afferent sensations from the carotid body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the GSA axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?

    <p>Carry general somatic afferent sensations from the skin and posterior 1/3 of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve?

    <p>Carries general sensory fibers to the skin behind the ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of modality transmitted by the facial nerve?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the voluntary motor function of the tongue?

    <p>CN XII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of a patient with a CN XII injury?

    <p>Tongue deviation to the same side as the injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is innervated contralaterally by the cortex?

    <p>Genioglossus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)?

    <p>Voluntary motor function to the Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical response to a CN IX sensory problem?

    <p>No response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of the CN XI nerve?

    <p>Begins at the medulla and exits the cranium via the jugular foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a potential cause of Bell's Palsy?

    <p>Injury to the facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nerve damage would likely result in dry eye or mouth in Bell's Palsy?

    <p>Damage to the GVE component of the nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom would likely arise from damage to the SVE portion of the facial nerve?

    <p>Paralysis of facial muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Bell's Palsy patient, what might be the outcome of touching cotton gauze to the left eye only?

    <p>Only left eye blinks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the nerve being damaged could lead to impairment of taste in Bell's Palsy?

    <p>SVA component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of damage to the facial nerve would cause weakness, twitching, or paralysis of facial muscles in Bell's Palsy?

    <p>Damage to SVE component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Vagus nerve innervate in the majority of the muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate?

    <p>Motor axons for moving food towards the esophagus during swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical region is innervated by the GSA axons of the Vagus nerve?

    <p>Skin posterior to the ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What senses does the SVA axons of the Vagus nerve carry from the taste regions?

    <p>Taste stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the GVE axons of the Vagus nerve related to the viscera?

    <p>Innervating thoracic and abdominal viscera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nerves branch off from the Vagus nerve in case of injury, affecting the muscles of the larynx/voice box?

    <p>Motor axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common patient presentation of Vagus nerve injury related specifically to the nerves traveling posterior to the thyroid?

    <p>Difficulty producing speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?

    <p>Coordinating limb movements and maintaining posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region of the brain does the medial lemniscus synapse with the third-order neuron?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the destination of the axon of the third-order neuron in the somatosensory pathway?

    <p>Somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the axon of the first-order neuron synapse with the second-order neuron?

    <p>Nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the proprioceptive information transmitted by the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?

    <p>Regulating posture and coordinating limb movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the pathway of the second-order neuron in the somatosensory pathway?

    <p>Contralateral and ascending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?

    <p>it transmits information from the spinal cord to the cerebellar cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the axons of the second-order neurons form in the spinal cord?

    <p>in the lateral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nucleus dorsalis in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?

    <p>it is the site where the first-order neurons synapse with the second-order neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract conveys unconscious proprioception from the upper limb to the cerebellum?

    <p>cuneocerebellar tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the anterolateral system?

    <p>it mediates conscious perception of nondiscriminative touch, pain, and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of the axons originating from the posterior roots of the lower lumbar and sacral segments?

    <p>they ascend in the fasciculus gracilis and then enter the nucleus dorsalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the first-order neuron of the spinothalamic tract located?

    <p>Dorsal root ganglion of the spinal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neurotransmitter used at the synapse between the first- and second-order neurons of the spinothalamic tract?

    <p>Substance P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the anterior spinothalamic tract?

    <p>Conveying non-discriminative touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the axon of the second-order neuron decussating in the spinothalamic tract?

    <p>It ascends through the lateral column of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the somatosensory map of the postcentral gyrus?

    <p>It represents the sensory receptors of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept behind the 'gate pain theory'?

    <p>The mind can control pain through willpower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the spinoreticular tract?

    <p>To provide an afferent pathway for the reticular formation influencing levels of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the axons of the second-order neurons in the spinoreticular tract ascend?

    <p>In the lateral white column of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the first-order neuron in the spinoreticular pathway?

    <p>Peripheral receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the fibres of the spinoreticular tract terminate?

    <p>In the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons are involved in the spinoreticular tract?

    <p>Sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the reticular formation in the spinoreticular tract?

    <p>To influence levels of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the spino-olivary tract in the body?

    <p>Regulation of body movements and limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the axons of the second-order neurons in the spino-olivary tract synapse?

    <p>In the inferior olivary nuclei in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the PAG in relation to pain?

    <p>Activation of descending analgesia system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the axons of the third-order neurons in the spino-olivary tract enter?

    <p>The cerebellum through the inferior cerebellar peduncle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of the spino-olivary tract in the spinal cord?

    <p>Antero-lateral white columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the first-order neuron in the spino-olivary tract?

    <p>Peripheral receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the sacrum bone?

    <p>Wedge-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What articulates with the 5th lumbar vertebra?

    <p>Upper border of the sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the posterior sacral foramina?

    <p>Passage for posterior rami of S1-S4 nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bony ridges on the posterior surface of the sacrum?

    <p>Sacral crests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of posterior sacral foramina are present on the sacrum?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bulge on the anterior surface of the sacrum?

    <p>Sacral promontory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the femur is directed upward, medialward, and a little forward?

    <p>Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fovea capitis femoris?

    <p>Attachment of the ligamentum teres femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the intertrochanteric line?

    <p>On the anterior aspect of the proximal end of the femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the greater trochanter?

    <p>Quadrilateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the quadrate tubercle?

    <p>About the middle of the intertrochanteric crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the lesser trochanter?

    <p>Conical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Calcaneus?

    <p>To transmit the weight of the body to the ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the groove on the superior surface of the Calcaneus?

    <p>Sulcus calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the surface on the head of the Talus that articulates with the medial malleolus?

    <p>Medial surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the canal formed by the sulcus tali and the similar groove on the upper surface of the Calcaneus?

    <p>Sinus tarsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many articular facets are present on the superior surface of the Calcaneus for the Talus?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the neck of the Talus?

    <p>Forward and medially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the joint connecting the thigh bone to the hip bone?

    <p>Hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the lower limb contains the tarsal bones?

    <p>Pes (Foot)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phalanges are present in the foot for the big toe?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone articulates superiorly with the L5th vertebra?

    <p>Sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tarsometatarsal joint is located between which foot bones?

    <p>Metatarsus and tarsus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is NOT part of the regions and bones of the lower limb according to the text?

    <p>Parietal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the inferior border (ischiopubic ramus) of the hip bone?

    <p>Ischium Ramus and inferior ramus of pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure articulates with the body of the pubic bone at the pubic symphysis?

    <p>Pubic crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the superior ramus of Pubis join the ilium and ischium?

    <p>Iliopectineal eminence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms the upper boundary of the obturator foramen?

    <p>Iliopectineal eminence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will turn into the obturator canal by attachment to the margins of the obturator foramen?

    <p>Obturator groove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure carries the pectineal line (pubic pecten)?

    <p>Superior ramus of pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the tibialis posterior muscle?

    <p>Navicular, all three cuneiforms, cuboid, and calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the flexor hallucis longus muscle?

    <p>Flexion of the big toe at the MTP and IP joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint and flexion of the leg at the knee joint?

    <p>Plantaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the flexor digitorum longus muscle?

    <p>Middle 1/3 of tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the popliteus muscle?

    <p>Flexion of the leg at the knee joint and medial rotation of the leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon?

    <p>Calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Gastrocnemius muscle?

    <p>Plantar flexion of the foot (ankle joint)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for the function of plantar flexion and inversion of the foot?

    <p>Tibial Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Soleus muscle?

    <p>Soleal line of tibia and head of the fibula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Triceps Surae muscle group?

    <p>Plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of the leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles in venous blood return?

    <p>They act as a secondary heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion of the Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles?

    <p>Calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Tibialis anterior muscle?

    <p>Dorsiflexion of foot at ankle joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for extension of the big toe at MTP and IP joints?

    <p>Extensor hallucis longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Extensor digitorum longus muscle?

    <p>Proximal 2/3 of anterior surface of tibia and interosseous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Popliteus muscle?

    <p>Unlocking the knee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innervation of the Tibialis anterior muscle?

    <p>Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion of the Extensor hallucis longus muscle?

    <p>Base of the distal phalanx of the big toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle?

    <p>Anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle?

    <p>Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compartment of the leg contains the Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle?

    <p>Superficial fibular (peroneal) compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion of the Fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle?

    <p>Base of the 5th metatarsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle?

    <p>Superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle?

    <p>Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the quadriceps femoris muscle?

    <p>Base of patella via the quadriceps tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the articularis genus muscle?

    <p>Elevation of the capsule and the synovial membrane of the knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for the innervation of the pectineus muscle?

    <p>Femoral nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the adductor brevis muscle?

    <p>Body and inferior ramus of pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the adductor longus muscle?

    <p>Adduction and flexion of the thigh at the hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the adductor longus muscle?

    <p>Middle part of linea aspera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Sartorius muscle?

    <p>Anterior superior iliac spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which quadriceps femoris muscle originates from the medial lip of the linea aspera?

    <p>Vastus medialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Psoas Major muscle?

    <p>Flexion of the thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Extensor muscles of the knee joint?

    <p>Femoral Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion of the Rectus femoris muscle?

    <p>Base of the patella via the quadriceps tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Vastus lateralis muscle?

    <p>Extension of the knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the posterior head of the adductor magnus muscle?

    <p>Ischial tuberosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the anterior head of the adductor magnus muscle?

    <p>Adducts the thigh at the hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innervation of the adductor magnus muscle?

    <p>Tibial nerve and obturator nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion of the gracilis muscle?

    <p>Proximal part of the medial surface of the shaft of the tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of the gracilis muscle?

    <p>Flexes the leg at the knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the combined tendons of insertion of the Sarterious, Gracilis, and Semitendinosus muscles?

    <p>Pes Anserinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the femoral canal in the upper femoral triangle?

    <p>Inverted cone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the gait pattern seen in patients with cerebral palsy, associated with the adductor muscles?

    <p>Scissor's Gait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Gracilis muscle in surgical reconstruction?

    <p>Surgical reconstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the contents of the femoral triangle, using the mnemonic 'NAVEL'?

    <p>Nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty Space, Lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the muscle also known as the 4th hamstring?

    <p>Adductor Magnus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle is responsible for flexing the thigh and lateral rotation of the thigh?

    <p>Psoas Major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Adductor Muscles of the hip joint?

    <p>Obturator Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is considered part of the iliopsoas due to its distal attachment on the femur's lesser trochanter?

    <p>Iliacus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is NOT part of the Extensor Muscles of the knee joint?

    <p>Adductor Longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is NOT performed by the Psoas Major muscle?

    <p>Abduction of the thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Psoas Major muscle?

    <p>Femoral Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the intercoccygeal joint classified as?

    <p>Synarthrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle?

    <p>To extend the toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of joint that the pubic symphysis is classified as?

    <p>Cartilaginous symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the extensor hallucis brevis muscle?

    <p>Dorsal surface of the calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the motion of the SI joints and the symphysis pubis?

    <p>Motion at the SI joints must be accompanied by motion at the symphysis pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for abducting the big toe?

    <p>Abductor hallucis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fascia that lies deep to the first layer of muscles in the sole of the foot?

    <p>Plantar fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many muscles are present in the first layer of the sole of the foot?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is also known as the flexor accessorius?

    <p>Quadratus plantae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many dorsal interossei muscles are present in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has its origin at the medial process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus?

    <p>Flexor digitorum brevis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle?

    <p>Base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has its origin at the cuboid and 3rd (lateral) cuneiform?

    <p>Flexor hallucis brevis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the adductor hallucis muscle?

    <p>Base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has its origin at the adjacent sides of metatarsal bones?

    <p>Dorsal interossei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the quadratus plantae muscle?

    <p>Tendon of the flexor digitorum longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pelvic joint is often the site of low back pain following childbirth?

    <p>Sacroiliac joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint of the pelvis sustains more than three times the body weight with each step?

    <p>Hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the body transmits large forces between the trunk and the ground?

    <p>Pelvic region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint classified as?

    <p>Gliding joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint in the pelvis transmits forces from the head, arms, and trunk to the lower extremities?

    <p>Lumbosacral joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the hip joints is accurate?

    <p>Hip joints are the most structurally stable, yet mobile, joints in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the coverage of the sacral surface and the iliac surface in the sacroiliac (SI) joint?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage on the sacral surface versus fibrocartilage on the iliac surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament fills the space between the sacrum and the inner side of the iliac tuberosity in the sacroiliac (SI) joint?

    <p>Interosseous ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides excellent leverage to hold the distal aspect of the sacrum in place against anterior weightbearing forces in the sacroiliac (SI) joint?

    <p>Sacrotuberous ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligaments run obliquely upward and outward from the sacrum in the sacroiliac (SI) joint, creating a self-locking mechanism?

    <p>Interosseous and posterior sacroiliac ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the sacrococcygeal joint classified, depending on the subject's age?

    <p>Symphysis (secondary cartilaginous) synarthrosis joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What creates the self-locking mechanism in the sacroiliac (SI) joint by compressing the sacrum between them?

    <p>Interosseous and posterior sacroiliac ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the arcuate popliteal ligament arise from?

    <p>The posterior aspect of the fibular head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the collateral ligaments in the knee?

    <p>To provide transverse stability during extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attached to in the tibia?

    <p>The anterior intercondylar area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament runs from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula?

    <p>Lateral collateral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the collateral ligaments during flexion of the knee?

    <p>They become slackened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cruciate ligaments located in the knee joint?

    <p>In the center of the knee joint, within the intercondylar notch and fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the attachment point of the posterior cruciate ligament on the tibia?

    <p>Posterior intercondylar area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the medial meniscus?

    <p>C-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cruciate ligaments in the knee joint?

    <p>To stabilize the joint in the antero-posterior direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the attachment point of the horns of the menisci?

    <p>Tibial condyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ligament that links the two anterior horns of the menisci?

    <p>Transverse ligament of the knee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the cruciate ligaments in relation to the synovial membrane?

    <p>Intracapsular and extrasynovial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature is present on the head for the attachment of the round ligament of the head?

    <p>Fovea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined by the increase in the angle of anteversion of the femur?

    <p>Anteversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In adults, what angle does the head of the femur form with the femoral plane?

    <p>10-30 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in the angle of anteversion in the femur?

    <p>Out-toeing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary direction in which the acetabulum is oriented?

    <p>Laterally, inferiorly, and anteriorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is femoral anteversion usually affected with the growth and development of children?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament limits lateral rotation and abduction of the hip?

    <p>Pubofemoral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?

    <p>Covers the hip joint anteriorly and superiorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure winds the fibers of the hip joint capsule and increases stability by pulling the femur tightly into the acetabulum?

    <p>Iliofemoral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament covers the hip joint anteriorly and superiorly?

    <p>Ischiofemoral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what direction do the fibers of the fibrous layer of the hip joint capsule unwind during flexion?

    <p>Obliquely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament limits medial rotation of the hip joint?

    <p>Ischiofemoral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that lodges the two intercondylar tubercles?

    <p>Intercondylar eminence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the tibial surface acts as a pivot to allow axial rotation?

    <p>Middle eminence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reinforces the knee joint capsule, forming part of its complexity?

    <p>Ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the proximal tendon of the popliteus muscle attach?

    <p>Lateral femoral condyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle forms part of the oblique popliteal ligament and gives off fibers to the MCL and its large bony attachment?

    <p>Semimembranosus muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows the tibia to rotate around and shorten the intercondylar eminence?

    <p>Intercondylar notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the iliotibial tract in the lower limb?

    <p>It forms a band that invests the tensor fascia lata muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is situated on the outer surface of the pelvis?

    <p>Gluteus medius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the gluteus maximus muscle?

    <p>Posterior iliac crest, sacrum, and coccyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the gluteus maximus muscle?

    <p>Knee stability and extension of the hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the deep fascia of the thigh also known as?

    <p>Fascia lata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles?

    <p>The gluteus maximus muscle covers the posterior third of the gluteus medius muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Superior gemellus muscle originate?

    <p>Ischial spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Quadratus femoris muscle?

    <p>Nerve to quadratus femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common function of the Deep Gluteal Muscles?

    <p>Hip joint extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Gluteus minimus muscle insert?

    <p>Lateral surface of greater trochanter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the Trendelenburg Sign & Gait?

    <p>Deep Gluteal Muscles weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Inferior gemellus muscle insert?

    <p>Medial surface of greater trochanter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the sartorius muscle despite it being located in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

    <p>Femoral nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates most of the adductor muscles in the thigh except for the pectineus muscle?

    <p>Obturator nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the adductor magnus muscle in the thigh, providing dual innervation to this muscle?

    <p>Tibial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the hamstring muscle known as the biceps femoris?

    <p>Sciatic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the hamstring muscle semitendinosus have its insertion point?

    <p>Proximal part of the medial surface of the tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hamstring muscle has its insertion on the posterior aspect of the medial condyle of the tibia?

    <p>Semimembranosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cerebellum

    • Affects ipsilateral motor function, balance, and posture
    • Fine-tunes skilled motor functions through feedback loops
    • Initiates, terminates, coordinates, and times movements
    • Plans motor movements, including motor learning

    Cerebellum Anatomy

    • Anterior and posterior lobes: provide subconscious movements
    • Floculonodular lobe: regulates equilibrium
    • Vermis: a "worm-like" part separating the two hemispheres
    • Folia: gyri-like convolutions on the surface of the cerebellum
    • Internal anatomy includes:
      • White matter (arbor vitae)
      • Gray matter (cortex) surrounding the arbor vitae
      • Deep nuclei: dentate, interposed, fastigial
      • Peduncles: superior, middle, and inferior

    Functional Divisions of the Cerebellum

    • Vestibulocerebellum (floculonodular lobe): coordinates balance, eye movements, and equilibrium
    • Spinocerebellum: involved in motor coordination and learning
    • Cerebrocerebellum: integrates cognitive and motor functions

    Cerebellar Lesions

    • Causes ataxia (loss of motor coordination)
    • Symptoms include:
      • Dysmetria (inability to judge distance)
      • Dysdiadochokinesia (loss of alternating movement)
      • Asynergia (lack of coordination between muscle groups)
      • Intention tremor

    Cranial Nerves

    • 12 pairs, exiting the base of the brain and brainstem
    • Pass through cranial foramina to reach peripheral targets in the face and neck
    • Functions include:
      • Motor control
      • Sensory reception
      • Special senses (taste, smell, vision, hearing, balance)

    Motor Component of Cranial Nerves

    • UMNs (upper motor neurons) in the cortex send bilateral innervation to cranial nerve nuclei
    • LMNs (lower motor neurons) in the brainstem and spinal cord send ipsilateral innervation to muscles
    • Exceptions: CN IV (trochlear nerve) innervates the contralateral superior oblique muscle

    Reflexes and Reflex Arcs

    • A reflex is a fast, involuntary response to a stimulus
    • Reflex arcs include:
      • Receptor
      • Sensory neuron
      • Integrating center
      • Motor neuron
      • Effector
    • Types of reflexes:
      • Somatic reflexes (spinal cord)
      • Autonomic reflexes (visceral)
      • Stretch reflex (muscle length control)
      • Tendon reflex (muscle tension control)
      • Flexor (withdrawal) reflex (pain withdrawal)

    Spinal Cord

    • Extends from the medulla oblongata to the level of L1/L2
    • External features:
      • Cylindrical shape with cervical and lumbar enlargements
      • Ventral (anterior) median fissure and dorsal (posterior) median sulcus
      • Ventral and dorsal rootlets forming the ventral and dorsal roots of spinal nerves
    • Internal features:
      • Gray matter (sutural horn, ventral horn, dorsal horn)
      • White matter (tracts)

    Motor Pathways

    • Pyramidal tracts (corticospinal and corticobulbar)
    • Extrapyramidal tracts (rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal)
    • UMNs (cerebral cortex, brainstem) -> LMNs (brainstem, spinal cord) -> muscles### Internal Features of the Spinal Cord
    • The spinal cord consists of gray matter and white matter
    • Gray matter is shaped like an "H" with a ventral (anterior) horn and a dorsal (posterior) horn on each side
    • The right and left halves of the gray matter are connected by a narrow strip called the gray commissure, which contains the central canal
    • In some segments (T1 to L2 and S2 to S4), there is a third horn between the ventral and dorsal horns, known as the lateral horn
    • Lateral horns of T1 to L2 segments contain cell bodies of sympathetic neurons
    • Lateral horns of S2 to S4 segments contain cell bodies of parasympathetic neurons
    • Ventral horns contain cell bodies of motor neurons
    • Dorsal horns contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

    White Matter of the Spinal Cord

    • White matter surrounds the gray matter and is organized into ventral, lateral, and dorsal columns (funiculi) on each half of the spinal cord
    • These columns contain bundles of myelinated nerve fibers (tracts) that travel along the length of the spinal cord

    Cranial Nerves

    Vagus Nerve (CN X)

    • Has five modalities: BE/SVE, SVA, GVE, GVA, and GSA
    • Fiber types:
      • BE/SVE: innervates muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate
      • SVA: carries taste perception from the root of the tongue and epiglottis region
      • GVE: innervates thoracic and abdominal viscera up to the left colic flexure
      • GVA: carries visceral sensation from the thoracic and abdominal viscera
      • GSA: carries sensory information from skin posterior to the ear and dura in the posterior cranial fossa
    • Injury to the vagus nerve can result in hoarse voice, vocal changes, and difficulty producing speech

    Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

    • Has five modalities: BE/SVE, SVA, GVE, GVA, and GSA
    • Fiber types:
      • BE/SVE: innervates stylopharyngeus muscle
      • SVA: carries taste perception from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
      • GVE: innervates the parotid gland
      • GVA: carries visceral sensation from the carotid body
      • GSA: carries sensory information from skin posterior to the ear and posterior 1/3 of the tongue
    • Injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve can result in no response to stimulation

    Facial Nerve (CN VII)

    • Has five modalities: BE/SVE, SVA, GVE, GVA, and GSA
    • Fiber types:
      • BE/SVE: voluntary motor control to muscles of facial expression
      • SVA: carries taste perception from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
      • GVE: innervates the submandibular and sublingual glands
      • GVA: carries visceral sensation from the lacrimal gland
      • GSA: carries sensory information from skin behind the ear
    • Injury to the facial nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of facial muscles

    Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

    • Voluntary motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
    • General Somatic Efferent (GSE)

    Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)

    • Voluntary motor to muscles of the tongue
    • General Somatic Efferent (GSE)
    • Injury to the hypoglossal nerve can result in tongue deviated to the same side as the injury

    Reflexes

    Corneal Reflex

    • Protects the eyes from foreign bodies
    • Sensory arc: CN V1 (touch to the surface of the cornea)
    • Motor arc: CN VII (orbicularis oculi)
    • Desired response: bilateral blinking regardless of input side

    Pain Pathways

    Spinothalamic Tract

    • Conveys pain and temperature information to the thalamus
    • First-order neuron: located in the dorsal root ganglion
    • Second-order neuron: located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
    • Third-order neuron: located in the thalamus
    • Axons of the third-order neuron project to the somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

    Gate Pain Theory

    • Serotonin and substance P play a role in pain modulation
    • Enkephalins and endorphins are natural painkillers

    Somatic Nerve Pathways

    Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract

    • Conveys proprioceptive information from the trunk and lower limbs to the cerebellum
    • First-order neuron: located in the dorsal root ganglion
    • Second-order neuron: located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
    • Axons of the second-order neuron form the dorsal spinocerebellar tract
    • Terminates in the cerebellar cortex

    Anterolateral System

    • Conveys nondiscriminative touch, pain, and temperature information to the thalamus
    • Divided into different tracts, including the spinothalamic tract
    • First-order neuron: located in the dorsal root ganglion
    • Second-order neuron: located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
    • Third-order neuron: located in the thalamus

    Bones

    Hip Bone

    • Composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
    • Ilium: forms the superior and posterior part of the hip bone
    • Ischium: forms the inferior and posterior part of the hip bone
    • Pubis: forms the anterior and inferior part of the hip bone

    Sacrum

    • Composed of five fused vertebrae
    • Forms the posterior wall of the pelvis
    • Has five pairs of posterior sacral foramina
    • Has four pairs of anterior sacral foramina

    Femur

    • Upper end: has a head, neck, and greater and lesser trochanters
    • Body or shaft: strengthened by the linea aspera
    • Lower end: has a medial and lateral condyleHere are the study notes for the provided text:

    Superior Surface of the Talus

    • Presents a smooth trochlear surface for articulation with the inferior surface of the distal end of the tibia
    • Forms a canal (sinus tarsi) with the calcaneus, filled with the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

    Inferior Surface of the Talus

    • Presents two articular areas: the posterior and middle calcaneal surfaces, separated by a deep groove (sulcus tali)

    Neck of the Talus

    • Directed forward and medially, located between the body and the head of the talus

    Head of the Talus

    • Looks forward and medially, with an anterior articular or navicular surface that is oval and convex
    • Articulates with the medial malleolus

    Calcaneus

    • The largest of the tarsal bones
    • Situated at the lower and back part of the foot, serving to transmit the weight of the body to the ground and forming a strong lever for the calf muscles
    • Presents six surfaces
      • Superior surface has three articular facets for the talus
      • Sulcus (calcaneal sulcus) on the superior surface

    Peroneal (Fibularis) Muscles

    • Two muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg
    • Innervated by the superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve
      • Fibularis (peroneus) longus
        • Origin: Head of fibula and interosseous membrane
        • Insertion: Base of the 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform
        • Function: (2) 1. Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint, 2. Plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint
      • Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
        • Origin: Distal 1/2 of the lateral surface of the fibula
        • Insertion: Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal bone
        • Function: (2) 1. Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint, 2. Plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint

    Other Muscles

    • Tibialis posterior
      • Origin: Proximal 2/3 of the posterior surface of the tibia and fibula, and interosseous membrane
      • Insertion: 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals, navicular, cuboid, and calcaneus
      • Function: (2) 1. Plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint, 2. Inversion of the foot at the subtalar joint
    • Popliteus
      • Origin: Lateral surface of the lateral condyle of the femur
      • Insertion: Above the soleal line on the posterior tibia
      • Function: (2) 1. Flexion of the leg at the knee joint, 2. Medial rotation of the leg at the knee joint
    • Gastrocnemius and soleus
      • Form the triceps surae
      • Function: (2) 1. Plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint, 2. Flexion of the leg at the knee joint

    Anterior Compartment of the Leg

    • Muscles innervated by the deep peroneal (fibular) nerve
      • Tibialis anterior
        • Origin: Lateral condyle and upper 2/3 of the lateral surface of the tibia, and interosseous membrane
        • Insertion: 1st (medial) cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal
        • Function: (2) 1. Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint, 2. Inversion of the foot at the subtalar joint
      • Extensor hallucis longus
        • Origin: Middle 1/3 of the anterior surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane
        • Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of the big toe
        • Function: (3) 1. Extension of the big toe at the MTP and IP joints, 2. Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint, 3. Inversion of the foot at the subtalar joint
      • Extensor digitorum longus
        • Origin: Lateral condyle of the tibia, proximal 2/3 of the anterior surface of the fibula, and interosseous membrane
        • Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5
        • Function: (3) 1. Extension of toes 2-5 at the MTP and IP joints, 2. Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint, 3. Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint

    Anatomical Structures Passing Behind the Medial Malleolus

    • Mnemonics: Tom Dick Harry (or Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry)
    • Popliteal fossa

    Muscles Moving the Ankle Joint, Foot, and Toes

    • 4 muscles: Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis (peroneus) tertius

    Adductor Muscles of the Hip Joint

    • Innervated by the obturator nerve
      • Adductor longus
        • Origin: Anterior surface of the pubis
        • Insertion: Middle part of the linea aspera
        • Function: (3) 1. Adduction of the thigh at the hip joint, 2. Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint, 3. Lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint
      • Adductor brevis
        • Origin: Body and inferior ramus of the pubis
        • Insertion: Proximal 1/3 of the linea aspera
        • Function: (3) 1. Adduction of the thigh at the hip joint, 2. Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint, 3. Lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint
      • Adductor magnus
        • Origin: Ischiopubic ramus and ischial tuberosity
        • Insertion: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle
        • Function: (3) 1. Adduction of the thigh at the hip joint, 2. Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint, 3. Extension of the thigh at the hip joint

    Pelvic Region

    • 7 joints: Lumbosacral, sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal, symphysis pubis, hip, and 2 intercoccygeal joints
    • Hip joints are the most structurally stable and mobile joints in the body
    • Sacroiliac joint can be a site of low back pain
    • Pubic symphysis is a cartilaginous symphysis (amphiarthrosis) joint

    Foot Muscles

    • Dorsal surface of the foot: Extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis
    • Sole of the foot: 4 layers of muscles
      • 1st layer: Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi, and plantar fascia
      • 2nd layer: Flexor hallucis longus tendon, flexor digitorum longus tendon, quadratus plantae, and lumbricals
      • 3rd layer: Flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and plantar interossei
      • 4th layer: Dorsal interossei

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Neuroanatomy 5 In Person Cerebellum and Intro to CNs PDF
    Neuroanatomy 4 ASYNCHRONOUS Spinal Cord Reflexes PDF
    BMS Neuroanatomy Lecture 4 PDF
    Neuroanatomy 3 ASYNCHRONOUS Spinal Cord (External Internal Features) PDF
    Neuroanatomy Cranial Nerves Continued In-Person Lecture Notes PDF
    Neuroanatomy 3 Instructor PDF
    BMS Anatomy Lecture 11 Lower Limb Bones PDF
    BMS Anatomy Asynchronous Lecture 12 PDF
    BMS MSK Lecture 12 Fall 2023 PDF
    BMS MSK Asynchronous Lecture 13 PDF
    BMS MSK Lecture 13 Fall 2023 PDF
    BMS Anatomy Asynchronous Lecture 11 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the neuroanatomy of the cerebellum and introduction to cranial nerves. This quiz covers topics like the effects on ipsilateral motor function, balance, posture, and fine-tuning of skilled motor functions through feedback mechanisms.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser