Cerebellum Neuroanatomy Lecture Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the corticopontocerebellar pathway?

  • Cognitive processing and decision-making
  • Motor coordination and control (correct)
  • Emotional regulation and impulse control
  • Sensory processing and integration

    • Which of the following is a common symptom of cerebellar lesions?

  • Hypertonia
  • Paresis
  • Spasticity
  • Dysmetria (correct)

    • What is the term for the inability to make rapidly alternating movements?

  • Asynergia
  • Ataxia
  • Dysmetria
  • Dysdiadochokinesia (correct)

    • What is the primary output of the cerebellum that is affected in cerebellar lesions?

    <p>Corticospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement?

    <p>Ataxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary region of the brain affected in cerebellar lesions?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vestibulospinal tract?

    <p>Balance in response to head movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is involved in regulating equilibrium?

    <p>Floculonodular lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the dentate and interposed nuclei?

    <p>Influence on voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fastigial nucleus?

    <p>Regulation of balance and coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP)?

    <p>Transmission of signals from the cerebellum to the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vestibulocerebellum?

    <p>Coordination of eye movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves originate from specific locations outside the brainstem?

    <p>CN I and II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers carry general sensation such as touch, pressure, and pain?

    <p>GSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motor fibers are responsible for controlling involuntary muscles?

    <p>GVE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for motor fibers that control voluntary muscles that developed from branchial arches?

    <p>SVE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve nucleus sends innervation to the contralateral muscle?

    <p>Trochlear nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pathway from the cortex to the cranial nerves nuclei in the brainstem?

    <p>Corticonuclear pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the roles of the cerebellum mentioned in the text?

    <p>Fine tuning of skilled motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function does the cerebellum NOT play a role in, as per the text?

    <p>Memory recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT influenced by the cerebellum as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Muscle growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cerebellum compare in order to correct movements?

    <p>What joints/muscles really did and what the cortex said to do</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cerebellum allow you to do without overshooting?

    <p>Start and stop movements without overshooting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hypotonia refer to in terms of muscle tone?

    <p>Low muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the lack of coordination between muscles or body parts normally working together?

    <p>Asynergia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does asynergy lead to when severe?

    <p>Decomposition of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for asynergia?

    <p>Central Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve does not innervate the ipsilateral (same) side?

    <p>CN I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve passes through the cranial foramen to reach peripheral targets in the face/neck?

    <p>CN V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of spinal reflexes?

    <p>To maintain homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the integrating center for spinal reflexes?

    <p>Gray matter of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex?

    <p>Reflex arc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex exhibits reciprocal innervation?

    <p>Somatic reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the stretch reflex?

    <p>To control muscle length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of components in a reflex arc?

    <p>Receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the stretch reflex?

    <p>To maintain posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Golgi tendon organs in the tendon reflex?

    <p>To activate interneurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the crossed extensor reflex?

    <p>To maintain balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reflex that is a test for dysfunctional corticospinal tract?

    <p>Babinski's reflex or Extensor Plantar Reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the flexor reflex on the affected limb?

    <p>Flexion of the joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of reflex arc involved in the tendon reflex?

    <p>Polysynaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal response to stroking the outside sole from heel to toe with a pointed object?

    <p>Downward (flexor) movement of all toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which age group does the Babinski reflex cause an upward (extensor) movement of the big toe?

    <p>Infants under 1.5 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Achilles Reflex test?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical result of the Achilles Reflex test in disk herniation at the L5-S1 level?

    <p>The reflex is absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of peripheral neuropathy on the Achilles Reflex test?

    <p>The reflex is reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts originate from?

    <p>Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>Voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the lower motor neurons of cranial nerves have their cell bodies?

    <p>Motor nuclei of cranial nerves in the brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of the corticospinal tract in the spinal cord?

    <p>Antero-lateral white columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the upper motor neurons terminate?

    <p>Cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lower motor neurons?

    <p>Innervation of muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the motor tracts of the spinal cord?

    <p>To relay motor instructions to the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two classifications of the motor tracts of the spinal cord?

    <p>Pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>To coordinate, precise, and voluntary skeletal muscle movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the upper motor neurons (UMNs) of the pyramidal tracts located?

    <p>In the cerebral hemispheres' motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level do the majority of the corticospinal tract fibers cross?

    <p>Medulla and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the axons of the lower motor neurons (LMNs)?

    <p>To exit the spinal cord as the ventral root of the spinal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tracts regulate body movements that are subconscious or postural in nature?

    <p>Extrapyramidal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spinal cord contains the lateral corticospinal tract?

    <p>Lateral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of muscles in upper motor neuron lesions?

    <p>Increased muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the destination of the axons of the lower motor neurons (LMNs)?

    <p>Skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inputs does the corticospinal tract receive?

    <p>From the sensory cortex, cerebellum, and others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of the descending fibers of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>Internal capsule, crus cerebri, pons, medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the upper motor neuron?

    <p>Control of movement, determining which LMN will be active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of damage to the lower motor neuron?

    <p>Flaccid paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increased muscle tone due to prolonged contraction?

    <p>Spasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of paralysis occurs due to the loss of control from the upper motor neuron?

    <p>Spastic paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the muscle twitching seen in lower motor neuron lesions?

    <p>Fasciculations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corticospinal tracts?

    <p>Control of movement, determining which LMN will be active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pontine reticulospinal tract?

    <p>Enables extension of the legs to maintain postural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the spinomesencephalic tract in pain modulation?

    <p>It carries pain information from the dorsal horn to the periaqueductal gray region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the decussation pattern of the medullary reticulospinal tract?

    <p>It has both crossed and uncrossed fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the reticulospinal tracts terminate?

    <p>The anterior grey horn of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the periaqueductal gray region in pain modulation?

    <p>It sends impulses to the dorsal horn to block the release of Substance P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the reticulospinal tracts in postural changes?

    <p>They enable extension of the legs to maintain postural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of the spinal cord?

    <p>40-45 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the spinal cord start from?

    <p>Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord?

    <p>Innervating the upper limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level does the spinal cord end in adults?

    <p>L1/L2 intervertebral disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the spinal cord extend as low as the level of the L3 vertebra in newborn infants?

    <p>Due to the growth of the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the spinal cord when viewed externally?

    <p>Cylinder with two enlargements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the section of the spinal cord that gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves known as?

    <p>Segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons associated with the dorsal root of a spinal nerve located?

    <p>Ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bundle of roots that includes the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves called?

    <p>Cauda equina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What housing structure contains the dorsal root ganglion associated with the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves?

    <p>Cell body city</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cervical segments are present in the spinal cord?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which level does the spinal cord end in relation to vertebrae?

    <p>LI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic neurons located in the spinal cord?

    <p>Lateral horns in T1 to L2 segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the gray matter in the spinal cord contains the motor neurons cell bodies?

    <p>Ventral horns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which column of the spinal cord's white matter are myelinated nerve fibers organized for postural movements?

    <p>Lateral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the spinal cord has a larger representation of parasympathetic neurons?

    <p>S2 to S4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons are housed in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord?

    <p>Sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lateral horns of the spinal cord's T1 to L2 segments contain the cell bodies of neurons responsible for __________.

    <p>Regulation of fight or flight responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Cranial Nerve VIII?

    <p>Special Somatic Afferent for hearing and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Cranial Nerve emerges from the brainstem in the lateral medulla and exits the posterior cranial fossa through the jugular foramen?

    <p>Cranial Nerve IX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve?

    <p>Carries taste perception from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the GVE axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?

    <p>Innervate the parotid gland for secretomotor function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an extracranial branch of the facial nerve?

    <p>Greater petrosal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the SVA axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?

    <p>Carry taste perception from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the stapedius muscle?

    <p>Helps to dampen sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cortex is responsible for processing taste information?

    <p>Insula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the GVA axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?

    <p>Carry general visceral afferent sensations from the carotid body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the GSA axons in the Glossopharyngeal Nerve?

    <p>Carry general somatic afferent sensations from the skin and posterior 1/3 of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve?

    <p>Carries general sensory fibers to the skin behind the ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of modality transmitted by the facial nerve?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the voluntary motor function of the tongue?

    <p>CN XII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of a patient with a CN XII injury?

    <p>Tongue deviation to the same side as the injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is innervated contralaterally by the cortex?

    <p>Genioglossus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)?

    <p>Voluntary motor function to the Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical response to a CN IX sensory problem?

    <p>No response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of the CN XI nerve?

    <p>Begins at the medulla and exits the cranium via the jugular foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a potential cause of Bell's Palsy?

    <p>Injury to the facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nerve damage would likely result in dry eye or mouth in Bell's Palsy?

    <p>Damage to the GVE component of the nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom would likely arise from damage to the SVE portion of the facial nerve?

    <p>Paralysis of facial muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Bell's Palsy patient, what might be the outcome of touching cotton gauze to the left eye only?

    <p>Only left eye blinks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the nerve being damaged could lead to impairment of taste in Bell's Palsy?

    <p>SVA component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of damage to the facial nerve would cause weakness, twitching, or paralysis of facial muscles in Bell's Palsy?

    <p>Damage to SVE component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Vagus nerve innervate in the majority of the muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate?

    <p>Motor axons for moving food towards the esophagus during swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical region is innervated by the GSA axons of the Vagus nerve?

    <p>Skin posterior to the ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What senses does the SVA axons of the Vagus nerve carry from the taste regions?

    <p>Taste stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the GVE axons of the Vagus nerve related to the viscera?

    <p>Innervating thoracic and abdominal viscera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nerves branch off from the Vagus nerve in case of injury, affecting the muscles of the larynx/voice box?

    <p>Motor axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common patient presentation of Vagus nerve injury related specifically to the nerves traveling posterior to the thyroid?

    <p>Difficulty producing speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?

    <p>Coordinating limb movements and maintaining posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region of the brain does the medial lemniscus synapse with the third-order neuron?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the destination of the axon of the third-order neuron in the somatosensory pathway?

    <p>Somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the axon of the first-order neuron synapse with the second-order neuron?

    <p>Nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the proprioceptive information transmitted by the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?

    <p>Regulating posture and coordinating limb movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the pathway of the second-order neuron in the somatosensory pathway?

    <p>Contralateral and ascending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?

    <p>it transmits information from the spinal cord to the cerebellar cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the axons of the second-order neurons form in the spinal cord?

    <p>in the lateral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nucleus dorsalis in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?

    <p>it is the site where the first-order neurons synapse with the second-order neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract conveys unconscious proprioception from the upper limb to the cerebellum?

    <p>cuneocerebellar tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the anterolateral system?

    <p>it mediates conscious perception of nondiscriminative touch, pain, and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of the axons originating from the posterior roots of the lower lumbar and sacral segments?

    <p>they ascend in the fasciculus gracilis and then enter the nucleus dorsalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the first-order neuron of the spinothalamic tract located?

    <p>Dorsal root ganglion of the spinal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neurotransmitter used at the synapse between the first- and second-order neurons of the spinothalamic tract?

    <p>Substance P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the anterior spinothalamic tract?

    <p>Conveying non-discriminative touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the axon of the second-order neuron decussating in the spinothalamic tract?

    <p>It ascends through the lateral column of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the somatosensory map of the postcentral gyrus?

    <p>It represents the sensory receptors of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept behind the 'gate pain theory'?

    <p>The mind can control pain through willpower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the spinoreticular tract?

    <p>To provide an afferent pathway for the reticular formation influencing levels of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the axons of the second-order neurons in the spinoreticular tract ascend?

    <p>In the lateral white column of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the first-order neuron in the spinoreticular pathway?

    <p>Peripheral receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the fibres of the spinoreticular tract terminate?

    <p>In the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons are involved in the spinoreticular tract?

    <p>Sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the reticular formation in the spinoreticular tract?

    <p>To influence levels of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the spino-olivary tract in the body?

    <p>Regulation of body movements and limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the axons of the second-order neurons in the spino-olivary tract synapse?

    <p>In the inferior olivary nuclei in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the PAG in relation to pain?

    <p>Activation of descending analgesia system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the axons of the third-order neurons in the spino-olivary tract enter?

    <p>The cerebellum through the inferior cerebellar peduncle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of the spino-olivary tract in the spinal cord?

    <p>Antero-lateral white columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the first-order neuron in the spino-olivary tract?

    <p>Peripheral receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the sacrum bone?

    <p>Wedge-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What articulates with the 5th lumbar vertebra?

    <p>Upper border of the sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the posterior sacral foramina?

    <p>Passage for posterior rami of S1-S4 nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bony ridges on the posterior surface of the sacrum?

    <p>Sacral crests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of posterior sacral foramina are present on the sacrum?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bulge on the anterior surface of the sacrum?

    <p>Sacral promontory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the femur is directed upward, medialward, and a little forward?

    <p>Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fovea capitis femoris?

    <p>Attachment of the ligamentum teres femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the intertrochanteric line?

    <p>On the anterior aspect of the proximal end of the femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the greater trochanter?

    <p>Quadrilateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the quadrate tubercle?

    <p>About the middle of the intertrochanteric crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the lesser trochanter?

    <p>Conical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Calcaneus?

    <p>To transmit the weight of the body to the ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the groove on the superior surface of the Calcaneus?

    <p>Sulcus calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the surface on the head of the Talus that articulates with the medial malleolus?

    <p>Medial surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the canal formed by the sulcus tali and the similar groove on the upper surface of the Calcaneus?

    <p>Sinus tarsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many articular facets are present on the superior surface of the Calcaneus for the Talus?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the neck of the Talus?

    <p>Forward and medially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the joint connecting the thigh bone to the hip bone?

    <p>Hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the lower limb contains the tarsal bones?

    <p>Pes (Foot)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phalanges are present in the foot for the big toe?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone articulates superiorly with the L5th vertebra?

    <p>Sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tarsometatarsal joint is located between which foot bones?

    <p>Metatarsus and tarsus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone is NOT part of the regions and bones of the lower limb according to the text?

    <p>Parietal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the inferior border (ischiopubic ramus) of the hip bone?

    <p>Ischium Ramus and inferior ramus of pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure articulates with the body of the pubic bone at the pubic symphysis?

    <p>Pubic crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the superior ramus of Pubis join the ilium and ischium?

    <p>Iliopectineal eminence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms the upper boundary of the obturator foramen?

    <p>Iliopectineal eminence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will turn into the obturator canal by attachment to the margins of the obturator foramen?

    <p>Obturator groove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure carries the pectineal line (pubic pecten)?

    <p>Superior ramus of pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the tibialis posterior muscle?

    <p>Navicular, all three cuneiforms, cuboid, and calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the flexor hallucis longus muscle?

    <p>Flexion of the big toe at the MTP and IP joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint and flexion of the leg at the knee joint?

    <p>Plantaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the flexor digitorum longus muscle?

    <p>Middle 1/3 of tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the popliteus muscle?

    <p>Flexion of the leg at the knee joint and medial rotation of the leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon?

    <p>Calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Gastrocnemius muscle?

    <p>Plantar flexion of the foot (ankle joint)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for the function of plantar flexion and inversion of the foot?

    <p>Tibial Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Soleus muscle?

    <p>Soleal line of tibia and head of the fibula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Triceps Surae muscle group?

    <p>Plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of the leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles in venous blood return?

    <p>They act as a secondary heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion of the Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles?

    <p>Calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Tibialis anterior muscle?

    <p>Dorsiflexion of foot at ankle joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for extension of the big toe at MTP and IP joints?

    <p>Extensor hallucis longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Extensor digitorum longus muscle?

    <p>Proximal 2/3 of anterior surface of tibia and interosseous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Popliteus muscle?

    <p>Unlocking the knee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innervation of the Tibialis anterior muscle?

    <p>Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion of the Extensor hallucis longus muscle?

    <p>Base of the distal phalanx of the big toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle?

    <p>Anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle?

    <p>Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compartment of the leg contains the Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle?

    <p>Superficial fibular (peroneal) compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion of the Fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle?

    <p>Base of the 5th metatarsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle?

    <p>Superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle?

    <p>Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the quadriceps femoris muscle?

    <p>Base of patella via the quadriceps tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the articularis genus muscle?

    <p>Elevation of the capsule and the synovial membrane of the knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for the innervation of the pectineus muscle?

    <p>Femoral nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the adductor brevis muscle?

    <p>Body and inferior ramus of pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the adductor longus muscle?

    <p>Adduction and flexion of the thigh at the hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the adductor longus muscle?

    <p>Middle part of linea aspera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Sartorius muscle?

    <p>Anterior superior iliac spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which quadriceps femoris muscle originates from the medial lip of the linea aspera?

    <p>Vastus medialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Psoas Major muscle?

    <p>Flexion of the thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Extensor muscles of the knee joint?

    <p>Femoral Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion of the Rectus femoris muscle?

    <p>Base of the patella via the quadriceps tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Vastus lateralis muscle?

    <p>Extension of the knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the posterior head of the adductor magnus muscle?

    <p>Ischial tuberosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the anterior head of the adductor magnus muscle?

    <p>Adducts the thigh at the hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innervation of the adductor magnus muscle?

    <p>Tibial nerve and obturator nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion of the gracilis muscle?

    <p>Proximal part of the medial surface of the shaft of the tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of the gracilis muscle?

    <p>Flexes the leg at the knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the combined tendons of insertion of the Sarterious, Gracilis, and Semitendinosus muscles?

    <p>Pes Anserinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the femoral canal in the upper femoral triangle?

    <p>Inverted cone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the gait pattern seen in patients with cerebral palsy, associated with the adductor muscles?

    <p>Scissor's Gait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Gracilis muscle in surgical reconstruction?

    <p>Surgical reconstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the contents of the femoral triangle, using the mnemonic 'NAVEL'?

    <p>Nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty Space, Lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the muscle also known as the 4th hamstring?

    <p>Adductor Magnus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle is responsible for flexing the thigh and lateral rotation of the thigh?

    <p>Psoas Major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Adductor Muscles of the hip joint?

    <p>Obturator Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is considered part of the iliopsoas due to its distal attachment on the femur's lesser trochanter?

    <p>Iliacus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is NOT part of the Extensor Muscles of the knee joint?

    <p>Adductor Longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is NOT performed by the Psoas Major muscle?

    <p>Abduction of the thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Psoas Major muscle?

    <p>Femoral Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the intercoccygeal joint classified as?

    <p>Synarthrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle?

    <p>To extend the toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of joint that the pubic symphysis is classified as?

    <p>Cartilaginous symphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the extensor hallucis brevis muscle?

    <p>Dorsal surface of the calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the motion of the SI joints and the symphysis pubis?

    <p>Motion at the SI joints must be accompanied by motion at the symphysis pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for abducting the big toe?

    <p>Abductor hallucis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fascia that lies deep to the first layer of muscles in the sole of the foot?

    <p>Plantar fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many muscles are present in the first layer of the sole of the foot?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is also known as the flexor accessorius?

    <p>Quadratus plantae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many dorsal interossei muscles are present in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has its origin at the medial process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus?

    <p>Flexor digitorum brevis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle?

    <p>Base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has its origin at the cuboid and 3rd (lateral) cuneiform?

    <p>Flexor hallucis brevis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the adductor hallucis muscle?

    <p>Base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has its origin at the adjacent sides of metatarsal bones?

    <p>Dorsal interossei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point of the quadratus plantae muscle?

    <p>Tendon of the flexor digitorum longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pelvic joint is often the site of low back pain following childbirth?

    <p>Sacroiliac joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint of the pelvis sustains more than three times the body weight with each step?

    <p>Hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the body transmits large forces between the trunk and the ground?

    <p>Pelvic region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint classified as?

    <p>Gliding joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint in the pelvis transmits forces from the head, arms, and trunk to the lower extremities?

    <p>Lumbosacral joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the hip joints is accurate?

    <p>Hip joints are the most structurally stable, yet mobile, joints in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the coverage of the sacral surface and the iliac surface in the sacroiliac (SI) joint?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage on the sacral surface versus fibrocartilage on the iliac surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament fills the space between the sacrum and the inner side of the iliac tuberosity in the sacroiliac (SI) joint?

    <p>Interosseous ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides excellent leverage to hold the distal aspect of the sacrum in place against anterior weightbearing forces in the sacroiliac (SI) joint?

    <p>Sacrotuberous ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligaments run obliquely upward and outward from the sacrum in the sacroiliac (SI) joint, creating a self-locking mechanism?

    <p>Interosseous and posterior sacroiliac ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the sacrococcygeal joint classified, depending on the subject's age?

    <p>Symphysis (secondary cartilaginous) synarthrosis joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What creates the self-locking mechanism in the sacroiliac (SI) joint by compressing the sacrum between them?

    <p>Interosseous and posterior sacroiliac ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the arcuate popliteal ligament arise from?

    <p>The posterior aspect of the fibular head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the collateral ligaments in the knee?

    <p>To provide transverse stability during extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attached to in the tibia?

    <p>The anterior intercondylar area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament runs from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula?

    <p>Lateral collateral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the collateral ligaments during flexion of the knee?

    <p>They become slackened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cruciate ligaments located in the knee joint?

    <p>In the center of the knee joint, within the intercondylar notch and fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the attachment point of the posterior cruciate ligament on the tibia?

    <p>Posterior intercondylar area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the medial meniscus?

    <p>C-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cruciate ligaments in the knee joint?

    <p>To stabilize the joint in the antero-posterior direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the attachment point of the horns of the menisci?

    <p>Tibial condyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ligament that links the two anterior horns of the menisci?

    <p>Transverse ligament of the knee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the cruciate ligaments in relation to the synovial membrane?

    <p>Intracapsular and extrasynovial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature is present on the head for the attachment of the round ligament of the head?

    <p>Fovea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined by the increase in the angle of anteversion of the femur?

    <p>Anteversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In adults, what angle does the head of the femur form with the femoral plane?

    <p>10-30 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in the angle of anteversion in the femur?

    <p>Out-toeing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary direction in which the acetabulum is oriented?

    <p>Laterally, inferiorly, and anteriorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is femoral anteversion usually affected with the growth and development of children?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament limits lateral rotation and abduction of the hip?

    <p>Pubofemoral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?

    <p>Covers the hip joint anteriorly and superiorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure winds the fibers of the hip joint capsule and increases stability by pulling the femur tightly into the acetabulum?

    <p>Iliofemoral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament covers the hip joint anteriorly and superiorly?

    <p>Ischiofemoral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what direction do the fibers of the fibrous layer of the hip joint capsule unwind during flexion?

    <p>Obliquely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament limits medial rotation of the hip joint?

    <p>Ischiofemoral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that lodges the two intercondylar tubercles?

    <p>Intercondylar eminence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the tibial surface acts as a pivot to allow axial rotation?

    <p>Middle eminence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reinforces the knee joint capsule, forming part of its complexity?

    <p>Ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the proximal tendon of the popliteus muscle attach?

    <p>Lateral femoral condyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle forms part of the oblique popliteal ligament and gives off fibers to the MCL and its large bony attachment?

    <p>Semimembranosus muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows the tibia to rotate around and shorten the intercondylar eminence?

    <p>Intercondylar notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the iliotibial tract in the lower limb?

    <p>It forms a band that invests the tensor fascia lata muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is situated on the outer surface of the pelvis?

    <p>Gluteus medius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the gluteus maximus muscle?

    <p>Posterior iliac crest, sacrum, and coccyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the gluteus maximus muscle?

    <p>Knee stability and extension of the hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the deep fascia of the thigh also known as?

    <p>Fascia lata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles?

    <p>The gluteus maximus muscle covers the posterior third of the gluteus medius muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Superior gemellus muscle originate?

    <p>Ischial spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Quadratus femoris muscle?

    <p>Nerve to quadratus femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common function of the Deep Gluteal Muscles?

    <p>Hip joint extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Gluteus minimus muscle insert?

    <p>Lateral surface of greater trochanter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the Trendelenburg Sign & Gait?

    <p>Deep Gluteal Muscles weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Inferior gemellus muscle insert?

    <p>Medial surface of greater trochanter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the sartorius muscle despite it being located in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

    <p>Femoral nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates most of the adductor muscles in the thigh except for the pectineus muscle?

    <p>Obturator nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the adductor magnus muscle in the thigh, providing dual innervation to this muscle?

    <p>Tibial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the hamstring muscle known as the biceps femoris?

    <p>Sciatic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the hamstring muscle semitendinosus have its insertion point?

    <p>Proximal part of the medial surface of the tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hamstring muscle has its insertion on the posterior aspect of the medial condyle of the tibia?

    <p>Semimembranosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cerebellum

    • Affects ipsilateral motor function, balance, and posture
    • Fine-tunes skilled motor functions through feedback loops
    • Initiates, terminates, coordinates, and times movements
    • Plans motor movements, including motor learning

    Cerebellum Anatomy

    • Anterior and posterior lobes: provide subconscious movements
    • Floculonodular lobe: regulates equilibrium
    • Vermis: a "worm-like" part separating the two hemispheres
    • Folia: gyri-like convolutions on the surface of the cerebellum
    • Internal anatomy includes:
      • White matter (arbor vitae)
      • Gray matter (cortex) surrounding the arbor vitae
      • Deep nuclei: dentate, interposed, fastigial
      • Peduncles: superior, middle, and inferior

    Functional Divisions of the Cerebellum

    • Vestibulocerebellum (floculonodular lobe): coordinates balance, eye movements, and equilibrium
    • Spinocerebellum: involved in motor coordination and learning
    • Cerebrocerebellum: integrates cognitive and motor functions

    Cerebellar Lesions

    • Causes ataxia (loss of motor coordination)
    • Symptoms include:
      • Dysmetria (inability to judge distance)
      • Dysdiadochokinesia (loss of alternating movement)
      • Asynergia (lack of coordination between muscle groups)
      • Intention tremor

    Cranial Nerves

    • 12 pairs, exiting the base of the brain and brainstem
    • Pass through cranial foramina to reach peripheral targets in the face and neck
    • Functions include:
      • Motor control
      • Sensory reception
      • Special senses (taste, smell, vision, hearing, balance)

    Motor Component of Cranial Nerves

    • UMNs (upper motor neurons) in the cortex send bilateral innervation to cranial nerve nuclei
    • LMNs (lower motor neurons) in the brainstem and spinal cord send ipsilateral innervation to muscles
    • Exceptions: CN IV (trochlear nerve) innervates the contralateral superior oblique muscle

    Reflexes and Reflex Arcs

    • A reflex is a fast, involuntary response to a stimulus
    • Reflex arcs include:
      • Receptor
      • Sensory neuron
      • Integrating center
      • Motor neuron
      • Effector
    • Types of reflexes:
      • Somatic reflexes (spinal cord)
      • Autonomic reflexes (visceral)
      • Stretch reflex (muscle length control)
      • Tendon reflex (muscle tension control)
      • Flexor (withdrawal) reflex (pain withdrawal)

    Spinal Cord

    • Extends from the medulla oblongata to the level of L1/L2
    • External features:
      • Cylindrical shape with cervical and lumbar enlargements
      • Ventral (anterior) median fissure and dorsal (posterior) median sulcus
      • Ventral and dorsal rootlets forming the ventral and dorsal roots of spinal nerves
    • Internal features:
      • Gray matter (sutural horn, ventral horn, dorsal horn)
      • White matter (tracts)

    Motor Pathways

    • Pyramidal tracts (corticospinal and corticobulbar)
    • Extrapyramidal tracts (rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal)
    • UMNs (cerebral cortex, brainstem) -> LMNs (brainstem, spinal cord) -> muscles### Internal Features of the Spinal Cord
    • The spinal cord consists of gray matter and white matter
    • Gray matter is shaped like an "H" with a ventral (anterior) horn and a dorsal (posterior) horn on each side
    • The right and left halves of the gray matter are connected by a narrow strip called the gray commissure, which contains the central canal
    • In some segments (T1 to L2 and S2 to S4), there is a third horn between the ventral and dorsal horns, known as the lateral horn
    • Lateral horns of T1 to L2 segments contain cell bodies of sympathetic neurons
    • Lateral horns of S2 to S4 segments contain cell bodies of parasympathetic neurons
    • Ventral horns contain cell bodies of motor neurons
    • Dorsal horns contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

    White Matter of the Spinal Cord

    • White matter surrounds the gray matter and is organized into ventral, lateral, and dorsal columns (funiculi) on each half of the spinal cord
    • These columns contain bundles of myelinated nerve fibers (tracts) that travel along the length of the spinal cord

    Cranial Nerves

    Vagus Nerve (CN X)

    • Has five modalities: BE/SVE, SVA, GVE, GVA, and GSA
    • Fiber types:
      • BE/SVE: innervates muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate
      • SVA: carries taste perception from the root of the tongue and epiglottis region
      • GVE: innervates thoracic and abdominal viscera up to the left colic flexure
      • GVA: carries visceral sensation from the thoracic and abdominal viscera
      • GSA: carries sensory information from skin posterior to the ear and dura in the posterior cranial fossa
    • Injury to the vagus nerve can result in hoarse voice, vocal changes, and difficulty producing speech

    Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

    • Has five modalities: BE/SVE, SVA, GVE, GVA, and GSA
    • Fiber types:
      • BE/SVE: innervates stylopharyngeus muscle
      • SVA: carries taste perception from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
      • GVE: innervates the parotid gland
      • GVA: carries visceral sensation from the carotid body
      • GSA: carries sensory information from skin posterior to the ear and posterior 1/3 of the tongue
    • Injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve can result in no response to stimulation

    Facial Nerve (CN VII)

    • Has five modalities: BE/SVE, SVA, GVE, GVA, and GSA
    • Fiber types:
      • BE/SVE: voluntary motor control to muscles of facial expression
      • SVA: carries taste perception from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
      • GVE: innervates the submandibular and sublingual glands
      • GVA: carries visceral sensation from the lacrimal gland
      • GSA: carries sensory information from skin behind the ear
    • Injury to the facial nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of facial muscles

    Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

    • Voluntary motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
    • General Somatic Efferent (GSE)

    Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)

    • Voluntary motor to muscles of the tongue
    • General Somatic Efferent (GSE)
    • Injury to the hypoglossal nerve can result in tongue deviated to the same side as the injury

    Reflexes

    Corneal Reflex

    • Protects the eyes from foreign bodies
    • Sensory arc: CN V1 (touch to the surface of the cornea)
    • Motor arc: CN VII (orbicularis oculi)
    • Desired response: bilateral blinking regardless of input side

    Pain Pathways

    Spinothalamic Tract

    • Conveys pain and temperature information to the thalamus
    • First-order neuron: located in the dorsal root ganglion
    • Second-order neuron: located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
    • Third-order neuron: located in the thalamus
    • Axons of the third-order neuron project to the somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

    Gate Pain Theory

    • Serotonin and substance P play a role in pain modulation
    • Enkephalins and endorphins are natural painkillers

    Somatic Nerve Pathways

    Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract

    • Conveys proprioceptive information from the trunk and lower limbs to the cerebellum
    • First-order neuron: located in the dorsal root ganglion
    • Second-order neuron: located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
    • Axons of the second-order neuron form the dorsal spinocerebellar tract
    • Terminates in the cerebellar cortex

    Anterolateral System

    • Conveys nondiscriminative touch, pain, and temperature information to the thalamus
    • Divided into different tracts, including the spinothalamic tract
    • First-order neuron: located in the dorsal root ganglion
    • Second-order neuron: located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
    • Third-order neuron: located in the thalamus

    Bones

    Hip Bone

    • Composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
    • Ilium: forms the superior and posterior part of the hip bone
    • Ischium: forms the inferior and posterior part of the hip bone
    • Pubis: forms the anterior and inferior part of the hip bone

    Sacrum

    • Composed of five fused vertebrae
    • Forms the posterior wall of the pelvis
    • Has five pairs of posterior sacral foramina
    • Has four pairs of anterior sacral foramina

    Femur

    • Upper end: has a head, neck, and greater and lesser trochanters
    • Body or shaft: strengthened by the linea aspera
    • Lower end: has a medial and lateral condyleHere are the study notes for the provided text:

    Superior Surface of the Talus

    • Presents a smooth trochlear surface for articulation with the inferior surface of the distal end of the tibia
    • Forms a canal (sinus tarsi) with the calcaneus, filled with the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

    Inferior Surface of the Talus

    • Presents two articular areas: the posterior and middle calcaneal surfaces, separated by a deep groove (sulcus tali)

    Neck of the Talus

    • Directed forward and medially, located between the body and the head of the talus

    Head of the Talus

    • Looks forward and medially, with an anterior articular or navicular surface that is oval and convex
    • Articulates with the medial malleolus

    Calcaneus

    • The largest of the tarsal bones
    • Situated at the lower and back part of the foot, serving to transmit the weight of the body to the ground and forming a strong lever for the calf muscles
    • Presents six surfaces
      • Superior surface has three articular facets for the talus
      • Sulcus (calcaneal sulcus) on the superior surface

    Peroneal (Fibularis) Muscles

    • Two muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg
    • Innervated by the superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve
      • Fibularis (peroneus) longus
        • Origin: Head of fibula and interosseous membrane
        • Insertion: Base of the 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform
        • Function: (2) 1. Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint, 2. Plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint
      • Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
        • Origin: Distal 1/2 of the lateral surface of the fibula
        • Insertion: Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal bone
        • Function: (2) 1. Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint, 2. Plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint

    Other Muscles

    • Tibialis posterior
      • Origin: Proximal 2/3 of the posterior surface of the tibia and fibula, and interosseous membrane
      • Insertion: 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals, navicular, cuboid, and calcaneus
      • Function: (2) 1. Plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint, 2. Inversion of the foot at the subtalar joint
    • Popliteus
      • Origin: Lateral surface of the lateral condyle of the femur
      • Insertion: Above the soleal line on the posterior tibia
      • Function: (2) 1. Flexion of the leg at the knee joint, 2. Medial rotation of the leg at the knee joint
    • Gastrocnemius and soleus
      • Form the triceps surae
      • Function: (2) 1. Plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint, 2. Flexion of the leg at the knee joint

    Anterior Compartment of the Leg

    • Muscles innervated by the deep peroneal (fibular) nerve
      • Tibialis anterior
        • Origin: Lateral condyle and upper 2/3 of the lateral surface of the tibia, and interosseous membrane
        • Insertion: 1st (medial) cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal
        • Function: (2) 1. Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint, 2. Inversion of the foot at the subtalar joint
      • Extensor hallucis longus
        • Origin: Middle 1/3 of the anterior surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane
        • Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of the big toe
        • Function: (3) 1. Extension of the big toe at the MTP and IP joints, 2. Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint, 3. Inversion of the foot at the subtalar joint
      • Extensor digitorum longus
        • Origin: Lateral condyle of the tibia, proximal 2/3 of the anterior surface of the fibula, and interosseous membrane
        • Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5
        • Function: (3) 1. Extension of toes 2-5 at the MTP and IP joints, 2. Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint, 3. Eversion of the foot at the subtalar joint

    Anatomical Structures Passing Behind the Medial Malleolus

    • Mnemonics: Tom Dick Harry (or Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry)
    • Popliteal fossa

    Muscles Moving the Ankle Joint, Foot, and Toes

    • 4 muscles: Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis (peroneus) tertius

    Adductor Muscles of the Hip Joint

    • Innervated by the obturator nerve
      • Adductor longus
        • Origin: Anterior surface of the pubis
        • Insertion: Middle part of the linea aspera
        • Function: (3) 1. Adduction of the thigh at the hip joint, 2. Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint, 3. Lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint
      • Adductor brevis
        • Origin: Body and inferior ramus of the pubis
        • Insertion: Proximal 1/3 of the linea aspera
        • Function: (3) 1. Adduction of the thigh at the hip joint, 2. Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint, 3. Lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint
      • Adductor magnus
        • Origin: Ischiopubic ramus and ischial tuberosity
        • Insertion: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle
        • Function: (3) 1. Adduction of the thigh at the hip joint, 2. Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint, 3. Extension of the thigh at the hip joint

    Pelvic Region

    • 7 joints: Lumbosacral, sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal, symphysis pubis, hip, and 2 intercoccygeal joints
    • Hip joints are the most structurally stable and mobile joints in the body
    • Sacroiliac joint can be a site of low back pain
    • Pubic symphysis is a cartilaginous symphysis (amphiarthrosis) joint

    Foot Muscles

    • Dorsal surface of the foot: Extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis
    • Sole of the foot: 4 layers of muscles
      • 1st layer: Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi, and plantar fascia
      • 2nd layer: Flexor hallucis longus tendon, flexor digitorum longus tendon, quadratus plantae, and lumbricals
      • 3rd layer: Flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and plantar interossei
      • 4th layer: Dorsal interossei

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the neuroanatomy of the cerebellum and introduction to cranial nerves. This quiz covers topics like the effects on ipsilateral motor function, balance, posture, and fine-tuning of skilled motor functions through feedback mechanisms.

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