Questions and Answers
Antibiotics are substances that are applied to the skin but not absorbed significantly.
False
Cephalosporins were isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium in 1953.
False
Cephalosporins contain a tetra hydro thiazole (thiazolidine) ring.
False
Cephalosporins are less acid stable than the corresponding penicillins.
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Antifungal agents are substances that are applied to the skin but not absorbed significantly.
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Disinfectants can destroy micro-organisms including bacteria on living objects.
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Cephalosporins inhibit the cross-linking of the peptidoglycan units in bacterial cell walls by inhibiting transpeptidase enzyme, similar to penicillins.
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Antimicrobials are agents that share the common aim of promoting infection and sepsis.
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Cefadroxil monohydrate is freely soluble in ethanol.
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Cefaclor is used in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.
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Cefamandole nafate is a white powder, insoluble in water.
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Cefotaxime sodium exhibits narrow-spectrum activity against gram-positive bacteria.
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Cefadroxil is assayed by adopting titration technique.
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Cefaclor has a chloro group at C-2 position.
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The D-p-hydroxyphenylglycyl isomer of cefadroxil is less active than the L-isomer.
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Cefamandole nafate solutions are stable for 24 h at room temperature.
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Furosemide is synthesized from 2, 4-Dichlorobenzoic acid and Furfurylamine.
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Loop diuretics are particularly useful in treating hypercalcaemia.
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Thiazides are non-sulfonamide derivatives.
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Thiazides are also called benzothiadiazides.
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Loop diuretics have a slow onset of action.
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Furosemide is a type of Thiazide.
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Loop diuretics are useful in treating pulmonary oedema.
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Furosemide is synthesized from 2, 4-Dichlorobenzoic acid and H2NSO2Cl.
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Acetazolamide is synthesized by only one reaction.
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The diuretic effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors is severe.
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All carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have the same structure.
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Hydrazine hydrate is used in the synthesis of Acetazolamide.
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5-Amino-2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole is an intermediate in the synthesis of Acetazolamide.
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Sulfur is not used in the synthesis of Acetazolamide.
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Osmotic diuretics increase medulla tonicity.
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Acetazolamide has a strong carbonic anhydrase activity.
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The primary sites of action for osmotic diuretics are the distal tubule and the collecting duct.
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have only one mechanism of action.
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Loop diuretics inhibit reabsorption of NaCl and KCl by inhibiting the Na+ —K+ —2Cl– antiport in the luminal membrane of the thick ascending limb (TAL) of loop of Henle.
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Loop diuretics are also known as low-ceiling diuretics.
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Ethacrynic acid is a sulfonamide derivative loop diuretic.
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The Na+ —K+ —2Cl– symport and sodium pump together generate a negative lumen potential that drives the reabsorption of Ca++ and Mg++.
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Loop diuretics decrease renal blood flow.
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Loop diuretics have no direct effects on vasculature.
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Study Notes
Antimicrobials
- Antimicrobials aim to reduce the possibility of infection and sepsis
- Antibiotics are derived from moulds or made synthetically to kill bacteria (bactericidal) or prevent their multiplication (bacteriostatic)
- Antiseptics are applied to the skin to reduce the possibility of infection, but are not absorbed significantly
- Disinfectants destroy micro-organisms on non-living objects
- Antifungal agents kill or inhibit the growth of fungi, including yeasts
Cephalosporins
- Cephalosporins were isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium in 1948
- They are β-lactam antibiotics with a similar mechanism of action to penicillins
- Cephalosporins are more acid-stable than penicillins and have a different ring structure (di-hydro meta thiazine)
- They inhibit the cross-linking of peptidoglycan units in bacterial cell walls by inhibiting transpeptidase enzyme
Classes of Cephalosporins
- Cefadroxil (Cefadrox, Droxyl, Codroxil)
- Properties: white or almost white powder, slightly soluble in water and sparingly soluble in ethanol
- Uses: similar to cephradine, with antibacterial spectrum and therapeutic indications
- Dosage forms: capsules, oral suspension, and tablets
- Cefaclor
- Properties: white or slightly yellow powder, slightly soluble in water and practically insoluble in methanol and methylene chloride
- Uses: treats upper respiratory tract infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae
- Dosage forms: capsules, oral suspension, and prolonged-release tablets
- Cefamandole (Mandol)
- Properties: white powder, soluble in water and sparingly soluble in methanol
- Uses: first compound of second-generation cephalosporin marketed in the United States
- Dosage forms: injection in strengths of 0.5 and 1 g/10ml
- Cefotaxime Sodium
- Properties: white solid, soluble in water, with broad-spectrum activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
- Uses: treats genitourinary and lower respiratory infections
Diuretics
- Loop diuretics inhibit reabsorption of NaCl and KCl by inhibiting the Na+ —K+ —2Cl– symport in the luminal membrane of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
- They are highly efficacious and are thus called high-ceiling diuretics
- Loop diuretics also have direct effects on vasculature, including increase in renal blood flow and increase in systemic venous capacitance
- Examples: furosemide, bumetanide, and torsemide
- Furosemide is synthesized through a series of chemical reactions involving 2, 4-dichlorobenzoic acid and furfurylamine
- Uses of loop diuretics: acute left ventricular failure, pulmonary oedema, and hypercalcaemia
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Description
Learn about antimicrobials, antibiotics, and their types, including cephalosporins, as well as their methods of administration and effects on bacteria.
