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Questions and Answers
Antibiotics are substances that are applied to the skin but not absorbed significantly.
Antibiotics are substances that are applied to the skin but not absorbed significantly.
False (B)
Cephalosporins were isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium in 1953.
Cephalosporins were isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium in 1953.
False (B)
Cephalosporins contain a tetra hydro thiazole (thiazolidine) ring.
Cephalosporins contain a tetra hydro thiazole (thiazolidine) ring.
False (B)
Cephalosporins are less acid stable than the corresponding penicillins.
Cephalosporins are less acid stable than the corresponding penicillins.
Antifungal agents are substances that are applied to the skin but not absorbed significantly.
Antifungal agents are substances that are applied to the skin but not absorbed significantly.
Disinfectants can destroy micro-organisms including bacteria on living objects.
Disinfectants can destroy micro-organisms including bacteria on living objects.
Cephalosporins inhibit the cross-linking of the peptidoglycan units in bacterial cell walls by inhibiting transpeptidase enzyme, similar to penicillins.
Cephalosporins inhibit the cross-linking of the peptidoglycan units in bacterial cell walls by inhibiting transpeptidase enzyme, similar to penicillins.
Antimicrobials are agents that share the common aim of promoting infection and sepsis.
Antimicrobials are agents that share the common aim of promoting infection and sepsis.
Cefadroxil monohydrate is freely soluble in ethanol.
Cefadroxil monohydrate is freely soluble in ethanol.
Cefaclor is used in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.
Cefaclor is used in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.
Cefamandole nafate is a white powder, insoluble in water.
Cefamandole nafate is a white powder, insoluble in water.
Cefotaxime sodium exhibits narrow-spectrum activity against gram-positive bacteria.
Cefotaxime sodium exhibits narrow-spectrum activity against gram-positive bacteria.
Cefadroxil is assayed by adopting titration technique.
Cefadroxil is assayed by adopting titration technique.
Cefaclor has a chloro group at C-2 position.
Cefaclor has a chloro group at C-2 position.
The D-p-hydroxyphenylglycyl isomer of cefadroxil is less active than the L-isomer.
The D-p-hydroxyphenylglycyl isomer of cefadroxil is less active than the L-isomer.
Cefamandole nafate solutions are stable for 24 h at room temperature.
Cefamandole nafate solutions are stable for 24 h at room temperature.
Furosemide is synthesized from 2, 4-Dichlorobenzoic acid and Furfurylamine.
Furosemide is synthesized from 2, 4-Dichlorobenzoic acid and Furfurylamine.
Loop diuretics are particularly useful in treating hypercalcaemia.
Loop diuretics are particularly useful in treating hypercalcaemia.
Thiazides are non-sulfonamide derivatives.
Thiazides are non-sulfonamide derivatives.
Thiazides are also called benzothiadiazides.
Thiazides are also called benzothiadiazides.
Loop diuretics have a slow onset of action.
Loop diuretics have a slow onset of action.
Furosemide is a type of Thiazide.
Furosemide is a type of Thiazide.
Loop diuretics are useful in treating pulmonary oedema.
Loop diuretics are useful in treating pulmonary oedema.
Furosemide is synthesized from 2, 4-Dichlorobenzoic acid and H2NSO2Cl.
Furosemide is synthesized from 2, 4-Dichlorobenzoic acid and H2NSO2Cl.
Acetazolamide is synthesized by only one reaction.
Acetazolamide is synthesized by only one reaction.
The diuretic effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors is severe.
The diuretic effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors is severe.
All carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have the same structure.
All carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have the same structure.
Hydrazine hydrate is used in the synthesis of Acetazolamide.
Hydrazine hydrate is used in the synthesis of Acetazolamide.
5-Amino-2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole is an intermediate in the synthesis of Acetazolamide.
5-Amino-2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole is an intermediate in the synthesis of Acetazolamide.
Sulfur is not used in the synthesis of Acetazolamide.
Sulfur is not used in the synthesis of Acetazolamide.
Osmotic diuretics increase medulla tonicity.
Osmotic diuretics increase medulla tonicity.
Acetazolamide has a strong carbonic anhydrase activity.
Acetazolamide has a strong carbonic anhydrase activity.
The primary sites of action for osmotic diuretics are the distal tubule and the collecting duct.
The primary sites of action for osmotic diuretics are the distal tubule and the collecting duct.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have only one mechanism of action.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have only one mechanism of action.
Loop diuretics inhibit reabsorption of NaCl and KCl by inhibiting the Na+ —K+ —2Cl– antiport in the luminal membrane of the thick ascending limb (TAL) of loop of Henle.
Loop diuretics inhibit reabsorption of NaCl and KCl by inhibiting the Na+ —K+ —2Cl– antiport in the luminal membrane of the thick ascending limb (TAL) of loop of Henle.
Loop diuretics are also known as low-ceiling diuretics.
Loop diuretics are also known as low-ceiling diuretics.
Ethacrynic acid is a sulfonamide derivative loop diuretic.
Ethacrynic acid is a sulfonamide derivative loop diuretic.
The Na+ —K+ —2Cl– symport and sodium pump together generate a negative lumen potential that drives the reabsorption of Ca++ and Mg++.
The Na+ —K+ —2Cl– symport and sodium pump together generate a negative lumen potential that drives the reabsorption of Ca++ and Mg++.
Loop diuretics decrease renal blood flow.
Loop diuretics decrease renal blood flow.
Loop diuretics have no direct effects on vasculature.
Loop diuretics have no direct effects on vasculature.
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Study Notes
Antimicrobials
- Antimicrobials aim to reduce the possibility of infection and sepsis
- Antibiotics are derived from moulds or made synthetically to kill bacteria (bactericidal) or prevent their multiplication (bacteriostatic)
- Antiseptics are applied to the skin to reduce the possibility of infection, but are not absorbed significantly
- Disinfectants destroy micro-organisms on non-living objects
- Antifungal agents kill or inhibit the growth of fungi, including yeasts
Cephalosporins
- Cephalosporins were isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium in 1948
- They are β-lactam antibiotics with a similar mechanism of action to penicillins
- Cephalosporins are more acid-stable than penicillins and have a different ring structure (di-hydro meta thiazine)
- They inhibit the cross-linking of peptidoglycan units in bacterial cell walls by inhibiting transpeptidase enzyme
Classes of Cephalosporins
- Cefadroxil (Cefadrox, Droxyl, Codroxil)
- Properties: white or almost white powder, slightly soluble in water and sparingly soluble in ethanol
- Uses: similar to cephradine, with antibacterial spectrum and therapeutic indications
- Dosage forms: capsules, oral suspension, and tablets
- Cefaclor
- Properties: white or slightly yellow powder, slightly soluble in water and practically insoluble in methanol and methylene chloride
- Uses: treats upper respiratory tract infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae
- Dosage forms: capsules, oral suspension, and prolonged-release tablets
- Cefamandole (Mandol)
- Properties: white powder, soluble in water and sparingly soluble in methanol
- Uses: first compound of second-generation cephalosporin marketed in the United States
- Dosage forms: injection in strengths of 0.5 and 1 g/10ml
- Cefotaxime Sodium
- Properties: white solid, soluble in water, with broad-spectrum activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
- Uses: treats genitourinary and lower respiratory infections
Diuretics
- Loop diuretics inhibit reabsorption of NaCl and KCl by inhibiting the Na+ —K+ —2Cl– symport in the luminal membrane of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
- They are highly efficacious and are thus called high-ceiling diuretics
- Loop diuretics also have direct effects on vasculature, including increase in renal blood flow and increase in systemic venous capacitance
- Examples: furosemide, bumetanide, and torsemide
- Furosemide is synthesized through a series of chemical reactions involving 2, 4-dichlorobenzoic acid and furfurylamine
- Uses of loop diuretics: acute left ventricular failure, pulmonary oedema, and hypercalcaemia
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