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Questions and Answers
What was a major cause of the economic decline in the Ottoman Empire?
What was a major cause of the economic decline in the Ottoman Empire?
What role did tax farming play in the Ottoman taxation system?
What role did tax farming play in the Ottoman taxation system?
How did Louis XIV use the palace at Versailles to his political advantage?
How did Louis XIV use the palace at Versailles to his political advantage?
Which of the following actions did Peter the Great NOT take to stimulate industry in Russia?
Which of the following actions did Peter the Great NOT take to stimulate industry in Russia?
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What was a significant cultural contribution of the Ottomans?
What was a significant cultural contribution of the Ottomans?
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What type of tax did Russia implement in 1718 to increase revenue?
What type of tax did Russia implement in 1718 to increase revenue?
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What was a key architectural feature of the palace at Versailles?
What was a key architectural feature of the palace at Versailles?
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What was one function of Ottoman taxation on peasants?
What was one function of Ottoman taxation on peasants?
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What was a significant reform made by the Ming Dynasty to improve governance after the Mongol rule?
What was a significant reform made by the Ming Dynasty to improve governance after the Mongol rule?
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Which term is associated with the leadership of the Mughal Empire?
Which term is associated with the leadership of the Mughal Empire?
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What was the primary purpose of the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire?
What was the primary purpose of the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire?
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How did the Janissaries differ from other servicemen in the Ottoman Empire?
How did the Janissaries differ from other servicemen in the Ottoman Empire?
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What does the term 'Tokugawa shogunate' refer to?
What does the term 'Tokugawa shogunate' refer to?
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What characterized Peter's reform in the Russian government?
What characterized Peter's reform in the Russian government?
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Which best describes the role of Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?
Which best describes the role of Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?
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What role did the education of Christian boys play in the devshirme system?
What role did the education of Christian boys play in the devshirme system?
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Which leadership style is primarily associated with absolute rulers like Louis XIV in France?
Which leadership style is primarily associated with absolute rulers like Louis XIV in France?
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What was the primary function of justices of the peace in England?
What was the primary function of justices of the peace in England?
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What was a major outcome of the Ming Dynasty's efforts to regain control after the Yuan Dynasty?
What was a major outcome of the Ming Dynasty's efforts to regain control after the Yuan Dynasty?
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What characterized the Period of Great Peace in Japan?
What characterized the Period of Great Peace in Japan?
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In what way did the Janissary system provide an aspect of social mobility?
In what way did the Janissary system provide an aspect of social mobility?
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In the Mughal Empire, what was the role of zamindars?
In the Mughal Empire, what was the role of zamindars?
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What was one impact of Peter's reorganization of the Russian government on provincial governance?
What was one impact of Peter's reorganization of the Russian government on provincial governance?
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Which of the following best describes serfdom in Russia?
Which of the following best describes serfdom in Russia?
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Study Notes
Centralizing Control in Russia
- Peter the Great reorganized the Russian government, creating 8 provinces and later 50 administrative divisions.
- The new system replaced the old system where local officials got money through bribes and taxes. Provincial officials now received salaries.
- Peter also created a senate, a council to advise government officials when he was away.
Centralizing Control in the Ottoman Empire
- To control their vast territories, Ottoman sultans used a system called devshirme to staff their military and government.
- The devshirme system, which started in the late 14th century and expanded in the 15th and 16th centuries, involved forcibly recruiting Christian boys (ages 8 to 20) from conquered lands in Europe.
- Christian boys were trained in politics, arts, and military, and were indoctrinated to be fiercely loyal to the sultan.
- The most famous group, called Janissaries, formed elite forces in the Ottoman army.
- Devshirme was a path to upward mobility in the Ottoman Empire, even though Janissaries were considered "slaves of the state."
Centralizing Control in East and South Asia
- The Ming Dynasty in China (1368–1644) aimed to erase the influence of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
- To achieve this goal, the Ming dynasty reinstated the traditional civil service exam, improved education through a national school system, and re-established the bureaucracy.
French Architecture
- Louis XIV's grand buildings at Versailles, like the palace that could accommodate hundreds of guests, helped legitimize his power.
- Versailles also served as a political instrument, entertaining nobles there, keeping them from fomenting rebellion in their provinces.
Financing Empires
- In all empires, raising money to fund imperial expansion and extend state power was crucial.
Taxation in Russia
- Peter established state-owned industries, like shipyards in St. Petersburg and iron mines in the Ural Mountains.
- He also encouraged private industries, including metallurgy, woodwork, gunpowder production, and leather, paper, and mining industries.
- Peter hired Western European naval engineers to build ships according to Western models.
- When industrialization failed to generate enough revenue for Peter's military ventures, he raised taxes and compelled workers to work in shipyards, in essence, extending serfdom to urban areas.
- In 1718, the land tax was replaced by a tax on individuals, further oppressing the peasantry.
Ottoman and Mughal Taxation
- The Ottomans financed their powerful military by levying taxes on peasants, using a system called tax farming.
- Tax farmers, local officials and private collectors distant from the central government, grew wealthy from skimming money from taxes, similar to how zamindars in the Mughal Empire profited.
- The burden of taxes and the military eventually contributed to the economic decline of the Ottoman Empire.
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Description
This quiz explores the methods of centralizing control in Russia under Peter the Great and in the Ottoman Empire through the devshirme system. It highlights governmental reorganizations and recruitment practices that shaped each empire's administration and military. Test your knowledge on these critical historical developments.
