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Questions and Answers
What is the normal range for Central Venous Pressure (CVP) in a spontaneously breathing, non-ventilated patient?
What could cause a high airway pressure in a ventilated patient?
Which of the following statements accurately describes CVP monitoring in critically ill patients?
Which alarm should never be ignored on a ventilator?
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What does pulse oximetry measure?
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How is Central Venous Pressure measured in practice?
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Where is the electronic transducer for CVP measurement usually zeroed?
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Which of the following factors influences peak inspiratory pressure (PIP)?
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Which method is used to measure cardiac output in patients?
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During which phase of respiration should CVP be recorded?
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What condition is associated with a dominant a wave in the central venous pressure waveform?
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Which factor is likely to decrease central venous pressure?
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What waveform abnormality is indicated by an absent x descent?
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Which statement about central venous pressure is correct?
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What does an exaggerated x descent in the CVP waveform suggest?
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What is the recommended pressure range for an endotracheal tube cuff?
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What condition is associated with a prominent x and y descent in the CVP waveform?
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Which alarm would likely be triggered by low airway pressure in a ventilator?
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What is the primary goal of monitoring in the ICU?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a basic monitoring parameter in the ICU?
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Which method is used to assess the adequacy of oxygenation in a patient?
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What role does an oxygen analyzer play in patient monitoring?
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What is essential for evaluating ventilation adequacy in a patient?
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Which parameter indicates a potential issue if the PaCO2 levels are elevated?
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What does the monitoring of end-tidal carbon dioxide provide information about?
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What should be continuously used to detect disconnections in the breathing system during mechanical ventilation?
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What is indicated by the passive filling of the atrium with the tricuspid valve still closed?
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Which condition is associated with raised central venous pressure (CVP)?
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What occurs during ventricular filling?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of raised CVP?
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What does the closing and bulging of the tricuspid valve indicate?
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Which condition is diagnosed using value and waveform assessment?
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Which of the following is a function of central venous pressure monitoring?
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In which condition would you expect to see P waves in cases of SVT?
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What condition is characterized by complete heart block?
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Fluid overload can lead to which of the following complications?
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Study Notes
Central Venous Pressure
- Low CVP ( < 10% blood loss) can be due to hypovolemia or vasodilation
- CVP waveform analysis can help identify various pathologies
- Increased CVP can be caused by right ventricular failure, tricuspid stenosis or regurgitation, pericardial effusion or constrictive pericarditis, superior vena caval obstruction, fluid overload, or hyperdynamic circulation
Ventilator Alarms
- Low Airway Pressure indicates leakage, disconnection, kink, biting of the tube, blocked tube, or bronchospasm
- High Airway Pressure indicates kink, biting of the tube, blocked tube, or bronchospasm
- Low Expired Tidal Volume indicates leakage
- Apnea Alarm indicates disconnection
- O2 Sensor Failure is a common problem with many ventilators
- Flow Sensor Failure is a common problem with many ventilators
Peak Inspiratory Pressure (PIP)
- Depends on airway resistance (Raw) and lung compliance (Cl)
- During controlled ventilation, an increased PIP indicates an increase in airway resistance (e.g., bronchospasm, kinked ETT) or decreased lung compliance (e.g., pulmonary congestion)
Key Facts
- CVP represents the driving force for filling the right atrium and ventricle
- Normal CVP is 0-6mmHg in a spontaneously breathing non-ventilated patient
- CVP is measured at the end of expiration
- The "hemostatic axis" for CVP measurement is typically the 4th intercostal space in the mid-axillary line
- CVP waveform components:
- a wave: atrial contraction
- c wave: closing and bulging of the tricuspid valve
- x descent: atrial relaxation, with downward movement of the tricuspid valve during ventricular contraction
- v wave: passive filling of atrium (tricuspid valve still closed)
- y descent: ventricular filling with opening of the tricuspid valve
- CVP waveform analysis helps diagnose right ventricular infarction, right heart failure and cor pulmonale, tamponade, tricuspid regurgitation or stenosis, complete heart block, constrictive pericarditis, mechanical atrial capture with AV pacing, presence of P waves in cases of SVT, differential diagnosis of shock state, and correct central line placement
- Pulse oximetry is a key vital sign for Oxygenation and measures O2 saturation in blood
- Capnography is a vital sign for ventilation and perfusion and measures CO2 in the airway
- Important cardiovascular axis tools include arterial blood pressure, electrocardiography, central venous catheterization, pulmonary artery catheterization, and cardiac output measurements
Intensivist Monitoring
- The goal of ICU monitoring is to enhance the intensivist's vigilance, assess physiological function, and ensure patient safety.
- Monitoring guidelines include the presence of qualified personnel, physical examination, assessment, and diagnosis.
- The most important tools for an intensivist remain physical examination, assessment, and diagnosis
- Basic monitoring includes oxygenation, ventilation, circulation, and temperature.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to central venous pressure (CVP), ventilator alarms, and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP). Learn about the implications of low and high CVP readings and the significance of ventilator alarms. Test your understanding of critical care concepts essential for healthcare professionals.
