Central Nervous System Terminology and Spinal Nerves
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary composition of white matter in the central nervous system?

  • Myelinated axons (correct)
  • Neuroglial cells
  • Efferent nerve fibers
  • Unmyelinated axons

    • Which term describes a stout bundle of white matter that connects two major parts of the brain?

  • Capsule
  • Fasciculus
  • Peduncle (correct)
  • Tract

    • What anatomical term is used to refer to the 'lower' part of the central nervous system?

  • Caudal (correct)
  • Rostral
  • Superior
  • Inferior

    • Which of the following structures is a groove in the brain?

    <p>Sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a bundle of axons that traverse the subarachnoid space?

    <p>Root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options best describes the spinothalamic tract?

    <p>Composed of axons whose cell bodies are in the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to any bundle of nerve fibers, central or peripheral?

    <p>Fasciculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which embryonic layer are neurons and neuroglial cells derived?

    <p>Ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is described when the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is blocked in the subarachnoid space?

    <p>Communicating hydrocephalus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal nerve is the highest and penetrates the atlanto-occipital membrane?

    <p>C1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the term 'dermatome'?

    <p>A band of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal nerves go through foramina above their corresponding vertebrae?

    <p>Cervical nerves 1 to 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a single spinal nerve or its ganglion is transected?

    <p>It decreases but does not eliminate sensation in the affected skin segment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrocephalus ex vacuo is characterized by what condition?

    <p>An abnormally large volume of CSF around a shrunken brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal nerves utilize foramina below their corresponding vertebrae?

    <p>All thoracic, lumbar, and sacral nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can lead to communicating hydrocephalus when obstructing the flow of CSF?

    <p>Bacterial meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of the spinocerebellum?

    <p>Vermis and anterior lobe cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the spinocerebellum?

    <p>Respond to proprioceptive input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of a lesion in the midline of the spinocerebellum?

    <p>Poorly controlled movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure receives afferents from extensive areas of the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Pontine nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classical manifestations indicate a pontocerebellar disorder?

    <p>Dysdiadochokinesis and past-pointing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the dentate nucleus send its axons?

    <p>To the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is most affected by lesions resulting in ipsilateral clinical signs?

    <p>Pontocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of signals does the cuneocerebellar tract relay?

    <p>Proprioceptive signals from the upper limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hippocampus in relation to memory?

    <p>To form new memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is involved in sending axons to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus?

    <p>Mamillary body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome is associated with bilateral interruption of the hippocampal circuitry?

    <p>Inability to form new memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the limbic system is NOT mentioned as being connected with the hippocampus?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the amygdala is electrically stimulated in humans?

    <p>Feelings of fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavioral changes may occur if lesions affect the prefrontal cortex?

    <p>Rude and inconsiderate behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is specified as being connected with the olfactory system?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may result from lesions in the mamillothalamic tracts?

    <p>Korsakoff's psychosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the flow of cerebrospinal fluid into the subarachnoid space?

    <p>Apertures in the roof of the fourth ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the midbrain is located dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct?

    <p>Tectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are associated with the solitary nucleus?

    <p>VII, IX, and XI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do corticobulbar fibers have in the brain stem?

    <p>They connect cerebral cortex to the cranial nerve motor nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spinal trigeminal nucleus?

    <p>It receives sensory fibers from the head and upper gastrointestinal tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the relationship between the motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal gray matter?

    <p>Motor nuclei correspond to cells of the ventral horn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons are predominantly found in the reticular formation of the brain stem?

    <p>Mixed neurons involved in multiple functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly identifies part of the function of inferior and superior colliculi?

    <p>They form part of the pathways for eye movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Central Nervous System - Terminology

    • Rostral means higher (towards the beak) and caudal means lower (towards the tail)
    • Sulcus is a groove
    • Gyrus is a convexity delimited by sulci
    • Fasciculus is a bundle of nerve fibers (central or peripheral)
    • Capsule is a flattened region of white matter
    • Peduncle is a stout bundle of white matter that joins two major brain parts
    • Tract is a region of the CNS with axons of neurons with the same origin and destination
    • Root is a bundle of axons that traverses the subarachnoid space

    Spinal Nerve Formation

    • Spinal nerves are formed by the union of a dorsal (sensory) root and a ventral (motor) root at each intervertebral foramen.
    • The highest spinal nerve is C1 which penetrates the atlanto-occipital membrane, above the atlas vertebra (C1)
    • Cervical nerves 1 to 7 pass through foramina above the numbered vertebrae.
    • C8’s roots pass below the arch of vertebra C7 and above that of T1.
    • Thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5) and sacral (S1-S5) nerves go through foramina below the equivalently numbered vertebrae.

    Dermatomes

    • Dermatomes are bands of skin innervated by a single dorsal root ganglion.
    • Each ganglion also supplies skin in the dermatomes above and below its own level.
    • Three adjacent dorsal roots or spinal nerves need to be transected to completely denervate a dermatome.

    Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow

    • CSF flows from the ventricular system into the subarachnoid space through apertures in the fourth ventricle's roof.
    • The fourth ventricle becomes the cerebral aqueduct at the rostral border of the pons.
    • The tectum is above the aqueduct.

    Brain Stem

    • The brain stem contains the nuclei of cranial nerves III-XII.
    • Motor nuclei correspond to cells of the ventral horn of the spinal gray matter.
    • Sensory nuclei correspond to the dorsal horn.
    • Other cranial nerve nuclei have no spinal cord equivalent.
    • Other major groups of neurons in the brain stem include nuclei connected with the cerebellum and the reticular formation.

    Motor Pathways and Nuclei

    • The most ventral parts of the midbrain, pons, and medulla contain corticopontine, corticospinal, and corticobulbar tracts.
    • The spinal trigeminal nucleus extends from mid-pontine level to the dorsal horn of the spinal gray matter.
    • The solitary nucleus extends the length of the medulla.

    Cerebellum

    • The spinocerebellum consists of the vermis and the rostral part of the cerebellum. It receives spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts.
    • The pontocerebellum is the largest division and receives input from the contralateral pontine nuclei.
    • All areas of the cerebellum receive input from the inferior olivary nuclei of the medulla.

    The Limbic System

    • Association and commissural fibers connect sensory association areas with the entorhinal area, which projects to the hippocampus.
    • The hippocampus projects to the mammillary body of the hypothalamus via the fornix.
    • The mammillary body sends axons to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus.
    • The thalamus projects to the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus.
    • The cingulate gyrus, entorhinal area and intervening cortex constitute the limbic lobe.
    • The hippocampus, amygdala, and certain brain stem nuclei form the limbic system.

    Bilateral Hippocampal Interruption

    • Leads to loss of the ability to form new memories.
    • Older memories can still be recalled, likely stored diffusely throughout the cerebral cortex.
    • Lesions can occur in the entorhinal area and hippocampus (Alzheimer’s disease), fornices (tumors or surgery), or mamillothalamic tracts (Korsakoff’s psychosis).

    Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex

    • The amygdala, in the anterior temporal lobe, has extensive two-way connections with the prefrontal cortex (frontal pole and orbital surface), and temporal lobe cortex.
    • The amygdala descends to the hypothalamus, epithalamus, and several brain stem nuclei.
    • Electrical stimulation of the amygdala causes fear.
    • Amygdala lesions result in docility, flattened emotions, and occasionally increased or perverted sexual activity.

    Prefrontal Cortex

    • Lesions must be bilateral to affect behavior.
    • Patients become rude, inconsiderate, and unable to foresee the consequences of their actions.

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    Description

    This quiz explores essential terminology related to the Central Nervous System, including definitions of key terms such as rostral, caudal, and gyrus. Additionally, the quiz covers spinal nerve formation, including the specific roles of sensory and motor roots. Test your understanding of these foundational concepts in neuroanatomy.

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