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Central Nervous System Overview
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Central Nervous System Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which division of the diencephalon regulates homeostasis?

  • Epithalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus (correct)
  • Cingulate Gyrus

    • What role does the amygdala play in the brain?

  • Regulates sleep-wake cycle
  • Involved in emotional responses to fearful stimuli (correct)
  • Involved in long-term memory formation
  • Coordinates skeletal muscle movements

    • Which component of the cerebellum is responsible for connecting the two hemispheres?

  • Vermis (correct)
  • Folia
  • Transverse fissure
  • Arbor vitae

    • What is the primary function of the thalamus?

    <p>Processes and relays information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following includes the pineal gland?

    <p>Epithalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum?

    <p>Primary fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that surrounds the white matter of the cerebellum?

    <p>Cerebellar cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the brain's mass does the cerebellum account for?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the anterior gray horn in the spinal cord?

    <p>Send motor signals to skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information do ascending tracts in the white matter of the spinal cord carry?

    <p>Sensory information to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons that send information to the spinal cord?

    <p>Dorsal root ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ventral root of a spinal nerve?

    <p>Carries motor commands from the spinal cord to effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the organization of white matter in the spinal cord?

    <p>Organized into columns and tracts for different functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many segments is the spinal cord divided into?

    <p>31</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries play in the central nervous system?

    <p>Provide oxygenated blood supply to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure lies between the posterior gray horns and the posterior median sulcus?

    <p>Posterior white column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebrum?

    <p>Conscious thought and memory processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for communication between the two cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Corpus Callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the brain's mass does the cerebrum account for?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true about brain size and intelligence?

    <p>There is a correlation between larger brains and higher intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure responsible for higher functions of the nervous system within the cerebrum?

    <p>Cerebral Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hemisphere of the brain is typically associated with artistic and emotional processing?

    <p>Right Hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebrospinal fluid is primarily located in which area of the central nervous system?

    <p>Between the meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function is performed by the longitudinal fissure in the brain?

    <p>Divides the left and right hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) play in the central nervous system?

    <p>It acts as a shock absorber and a medium for diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve classification is correct?

    <p>Each cranial nerve can be classified as sensory, motor, or mixed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the choroid plexus located and what is its function?

    <p>Within the ventricles, producing cerebrospinal fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure is primarily used to test for meningitis?

    <p>Lumbar puncture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ventricle is located in the diencephalon?

    <p>Third ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the subarachnoid space is true?

    <p>It is located between the dura mater and arachnoid mater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of cranial nerves does the human body contain?

    <p>12 pairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Oculomotor nerve?

    <p>Movement of eyelid and eyeball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily differentiates sensory neurons from motor neurons?

    <p>Sensory neurons relay information from sensory organs to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?

    <p>Olfactory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for the movement of the eye by the lateral rectus muscle?

    <p>Abducens nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential disorder associated with damage to the Vestibulocochlear nerve?

    <p>Hearing loss or dizziness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for taste sensations from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is involved in regulating heart rate and digestive processes?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phrenic nerve, which supplies the diaphragm for breathing, is part of which plexus?

    <p>Cervical plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve has a role in the gag reflex?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is primarily responsible for the movement of the shoulders and head rotation?

    <p>Accessory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve primarily provides motor control for speech and swallowing?

    <p>Hypoglossal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Trigeminal nerve?

    <p>General sensations of touch, pain, and temperature of the face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific foramen through which the Glossopharyngeal nerve exits the skull?

    <p>Jugular foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to which nerve might lead to difficulty shrugging the shoulders?

    <p>Accessory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of spinal nerves primarily supplies the lower limb?

    <p>Lumbar and sacral plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    • Composed of the brain and spinal cord, with the brain containing 97% of body's neural tissue.
    • Adult brain weighs approximately 3 lbs and has a volume of 1200 ml, with men’s brains being about 10% larger than women's on average.
    • No direct correlation between brain size and intelligence exists.

    Cerebrum

    • Accounts for 80% of the brain's mass and controls conscious thought, memory storage, sensory processing, and skeletal muscle regulation.
    • Divided into right and left hemispheres, separated by the longitudinal fissure and connected by the corpus callosum for inter-hemispheric communication.
    • The cerebral cortex is a folded region of gray matter responsible for higher nervous system functions.

    Hemispheres of the Cerebrum

    • Each hemisphere manages contralateral functions: the right hemisphere interprets sensory data and emotional responses, while the left hemisphere focuses on logic and analytical thinking.
    • Key structures within the right hemisphere include the amygdala (emotional responses) and hippocampus (long-term memory formation).

    Diencephalon

    • Acts as a link between cerebral hemispheres and lower CNS, located beneath the cerebrum.
    • Major subdivisions include:
      • Thalamus: Relay station for sensory and motor signals (excluding olfaction).
      • Hypothalamus: Regulates homeostasis and autonomic functions.
      • Epithalamus: Contains pineal gland, secreting melatonin for sleep-wake regulation.

    Cerebellum

    • Represents approximately 10% of brain mass, responsible for coordinating muscular movements, balance, and equilibrium.
    • Separated from the cerebrum by the transverse fissure, contains fold-like wrinkles called folia.
    • Divided into anterior and posterior lobes, with the two hemispheres connected by the vermis.

    Spinal Cord Anatomy

    • Organized into 31 segments, giving rise to paired spinal nerves.
    • Gray matter contains sensory nuclei (receiving sensory info) and motor nuclei (issuing motor commands).
    • White matter consists of myelinated axons, classified into ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts.

    Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    • Meninges consist of three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater, with the pia mater closely adhering to neural tissue.
    • The subarachnoid space contains CSF, acting as a shock absorber and facilitating nutrient transport.
    • Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, often diagnosed via lumbar puncture.

    Ventricular System

    • Composed of four ventricles that produce and circulate CSF via choroid plexuses and ependymal cells.
    • Two lateral ventricles, a third ventricle in the diencephalon, and a fourth ventricle extending into the medulla oblongata.

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    Cranial Nerves

    • There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves classified as sensory, motor, or mixed.
    • For each nerve, key aspects include name, number, function, type, and associated disorders.

    Examples of Cranial Nerves

    • CN I (Olfactory): Smell, sensory; disorder: Anosmia.
    • CN II (Optic): Vision, sensory; disorder: Anopsias.
    • CN VII (Facial): Controls facial expressions, mixed; disorder: Bell's Palsy.

    Spinal Nerve Anatomy

    • Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and are organized into plexuses.

    Plexuses

    • Cervical Plexus: Supplies neck and phrenic nerve for diaphragm control.
    • Brachial Plexus: Comprises nerves controlling upper limb movements.
    • Lumbar Plexus: Contains femoral and obturator nerves.
    • Sacral Plexus: Includes the sciatic nerve, supplying the lower limb.

    Key Terms

    • Myelomeningocele: A form of spina bifida evident in fetal ultrasounds.
    • Cerebellum Functions: Coordination of skeletal muscle and maintenance of balance.
    • Lumbar Puncture: Procedure to withdraw CSF for testing purposes.

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    Related Documents

    ANATOMY-OF-THE-NERVOUS-SYS-PART-1-by-Dr-Bolanon-Sept-2024.pdf

    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy and formation of the Central Nervous System, including details on the brain and spinal cord. It discusses structures such as the meninges, myelomeningocele, and the major regions of the brain. Test your knowledge on this crucial topic in human anatomy!

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