Central Nervous System and Reflex Arc
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Questions and Answers

The brain and spinal cord comprise the:

  • Peripheral ganglia.
  • Peripheral nervous system.
  • Central nervous system. (correct)
  • Spinal nerves.

Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate:

  • Glands.
  • Smooth muscle.
  • Cardiac muscle.
  • Skeletal muscle. (correct)

Which of the following is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc:

  • Effector, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, receptor.
  • Receptor, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, integration center, effector.
  • Receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector. (correct)
  • Receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector.

The following reflexes are all autonomic EXCEPT:

<p>Flexion of the arm following a painful stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Preganglionic autonomic fibers are of:

<p>Type B. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ fibers have relatively slower nerve conduction because they are thin & unmyelinated.

<p>Postganglionic autonomic sympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic nervous system:

<p>Is not usually under conscious control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following characterize the ANS EXCEPT:

<p>Innervation of skeletal muscles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the somatic nervous system?

<p>It operates under voluntary control. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The paravertebral and collateral ganglia are associated with the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system.

<p>Sympathetic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parasympathetic ganglia are located:

<p>Next to or within the organs innervated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic ganglia:

<p>Function as distributing centers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Concerning the autonomic ganglia, all the following is true EXCEPT:

<p>Their receptors are specifically blocked by atropine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic ganglia have all the following characters EXCEPT:

<p>Are all present adjacent to the spinal cord. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers:

<p>Are myelinated nerve fibers belonging to the B group of nerve fibers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when one sympathetic preganglionic neuron synapses on several postganglionic neurons?

<p>Divergence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neurotransmitter released at terminal ganglia is:

<p>Acetylcholine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system:

<p>Has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is characterized by:

<p>Thoracolumbar outflow from the spinal cord. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of the sympathetic, but NOT the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracolumbar spinal cord. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are cooperative in:

<p>The genital system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All the following structures are supplied by sympathetic system only EXCEPT:

<p>Constrictor pupillae muscle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A tissue innervated only by the sympathetic division is the:

<p>Blood vessels of skeletal muscle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs receive both sympathetic & parasympathetic:

<p>Lungs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The white ramus communicans contains:

<p>Preganglionic sympathetic fibers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The preganglionic sympathetic that innervate the eye originate from:

<p>Thoracic segments of spinal cord. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Horner's syndrome results from a lesion involving:

<p>Superior cervical ganglion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A lesion in the cervical sympathetic chain (Horner's syndrome) causes:

<p>Dropping of the upper eyelid (ptosis). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following about Horner's syndrome is true EXCEPT:

<p>Causes pallor of skin due to VC. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Postganglionic sympathetic starting from cervical and upper four thoracic ganglia causes:

<p>Dilatation of the coronary vessels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stimulation of sympathetic to abdomen produces:

<p>Secretion of epinephrine &amp; norepinephrine by the adrenal medulla. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Comprises the brain and spinal cord.

Autonomic Motor Nerves

Nerves that innervate involuntary muscles and glands.

Reflex Arc Sequence

Receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector.

Preganglionic Fibers

Type B fibers that are myelinated.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Calms the body and conserves energy.

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Cholinergic Fibers

Fibers that release acetylcholine.

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Adrenergic Receptors

Receptors that respond to catecholamines like norepinephrine.

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Nicotine Receptors

Cholinergic receptors found in ganglia and neuromuscular junctions.

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Epinephrine

Hormone and neurotransmitter that increases heart rate and blood flow.

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Norepinephrine

Primary neurotransmitter for postganglionic sympathetic nerves.

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Acetylcholine at Ganglia

Acts on nicotinic receptors at sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia.

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Muscarinic Receptors

Receptors activated by acetylcholine in parasympathetic targets.

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Atropine

Blocks muscarinic receptors, decreasing parasympathetic effects.

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Fight or Flight Reaction

Body's physiological response to perceived threats.

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Vagus Nerve

Cranial nerve that controls parasympathetic functions in organs.

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Horner's Syndrome

Condition resulting from sympathetic nerve damage causing pupil constriction and drooping eyelids.

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Alpha-adrenergic Receptors

Receptors that when stimulated cause vasoconstriction and other effects.

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Beta-adrenergic Receptors

Receptors that mediate relaxation of smooth muscle and increased heart rate.

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Postganglionic Sympathetic Fibers

Release norepinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation.

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Acetylcholinesterase

Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.

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Physostigmine

Inhibits acetylcholine esterase; increases acetylcholine activity.

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Curare

Blocks neuromuscular transmission at the motor end plate.

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Sweat Gland Innervation

Eccrine glands are innervated by sympathetic cholinergic fibers.

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Blood Vessel Responses

Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction in most vessels.

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Bronchodilation

Widening of the air passages in the respiratory system.

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Gastrointestinal Effects

Sympathetic activation leads to decreased motility and secretion.

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Pupillary Light Reflex

Change in pupil size in response to light; can be affected by nerve injuries.

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Ligand-gated Ion Channels

Receptor type associated with nicotinic receptors.

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Study Notes

Directions (Questions 1-172)

  • Each numbered question, or incomplete statement, is followed by answer choices.
  • Select the single best answer or completion.

Question 1

  • The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system.

Question 2

  • Autonomic motor nerves do not innervate skeletal muscle.

Question 3

  • The correct sequence in a typical reflex arc is: Receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector.

Question 4

  • The following reflexes are all autonomic except flexion of the arm following a painful stimulus.

Question 5

  • Preganglionic autonomic fibers are of type B.

Question 6

  • Unmyelinated fibers have relatively slower nerve conduction because they are thin.
  • Preganglionic autonomic sympathetic fibers are this type of fiber.

Question 7

  • The autonomic nervous system is not usually under conscious control.

Question 8

  • All the following characterize the ANS except the innervation of skeletal muscles.

Question 9

  • The somatic nervous system operates under voluntary control.

Question 10

  • The paravertebral and collateral ganglia are associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Question 11

  • Parasympathetic ganglia are located next to or within the organs they innervate.

Question 12

  • Autonomic ganglia are located outside of the CNS.

Question 13

  • Autonomic ganglia act as distributing centers.

Question 14

  • Autonomic ganglia are not all present adjacent to the spinal cord.

Question 15

  • Sympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers leave the spinal cord in the gray rami communicantes and show significant divergence in the ganglia.

Question 16

  • Sympathetic preganglionic neuron synapsing on several postganglionic neurons demonstrates divergence.

Question 17

  • The neurotransmitter released at terminal ganglia is acetylcholine.

Question 18

  • The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system has long postganglionic neurons.

Question 19

  • The sympathetic division of the ANS is characterized by short postganglionic fibers and a thoracolumbar outflow from the spinal cord.

Question 20

  • Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar spinal cord.

... (and so on for questions 21-172)

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Description

Questions about the central nervous system, autonomic motor nerves, and reflex arcs. Includes the sequence of a typical reflex arc, autonomic reflexes, and preganglionic autonomic fibers. Also touches upon unmyelinated fibers and the autonomic nervous system.

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