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Questions and Answers
Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as influencing the consumption of cement in the marketplace?
Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as influencing the consumption of cement in the marketplace?
Clay and shale are typically extracted using underground mining methods.
Clay and shale are typically extracted using underground mining methods.
False
What is the primary method of extracting limestone deposits in the U.S.?
What is the primary method of extracting limestone deposits in the U.S.?
Bench mining
Limestone deposits are primarily extracted using __________ mining methods.
Limestone deposits are primarily extracted using __________ mining methods.
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Match the following materials with their extraction methods:
Match the following materials with their extraction methods:
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What is the primary raw material for cement production that is widespread and abundant?
What is the primary raw material for cement production that is widespread and abundant?
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Shortages of cement raw materials are likely in the future.
Shortages of cement raw materials are likely in the future.
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Name one type of supplementary cementitious material mentioned in the references.
Name one type of supplementary cementitious material mentioned in the references.
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Cement production mainly relies on the plentiful resource known as ______.
Cement production mainly relies on the plentiful resource known as ______.
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Match the following cement characteristics with their descriptions:
Match the following cement characteristics with their descriptions:
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Who is credited with the invention of Portland cement?
Who is credited with the invention of Portland cement?
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All types of cement are considered hydraulic.
All types of cement are considered hydraulic.
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What material did Romans use to create hydraulic cement?
What material did Romans use to create hydraulic cement?
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Cement is a crystalline compound of calcium silicates and other calcium ________ having hydraulic properties.
Cement is a crystalline compound of calcium silicates and other calcium ________ having hydraulic properties.
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Match the following types of cement with their descriptions:
Match the following types of cement with their descriptions:
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Which type of cement is primarily used in specialized mortars?
Which type of cement is primarily used in specialized mortars?
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Pozzolanic materials develop hydraulic properties when interacted with hydrated lime.
Pozzolanic materials develop hydraulic properties when interacted with hydrated lime.
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What is the best-known surviving example of Roman hydraulic cement?
What is the best-known surviving example of Roman hydraulic cement?
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What is the main use of clays and shales in construction?
What is the main use of clays and shales in construction?
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Clays and shales are only used for road construction.
Clays and shales are only used for road construction.
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Name one material that has good hydraulic properties and can be used as a substitute for portland cement.
Name one material that has good hydraulic properties and can be used as a substitute for portland cement.
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Clays and shales are often reused for ______ in mined out areas of the quarry.
Clays and shales are often reused for ______ in mined out areas of the quarry.
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Match the following materials with their use in construction:
Match the following materials with their use in construction:
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Which of the following compounds is NOT a fundamental chemical component in cement clinker?
Which of the following compounds is NOT a fundamental chemical component in cement clinker?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a modern use of clays and shales?
Which of the following is NOT considered a modern use of clays and shales?
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Concrete substitutes compete with the use of natural clays and shales in construction.
Concrete substitutes compete with the use of natural clays and shales in construction.
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Aluminous cements are primarily used for their low cost and slow hardening properties.
Aluminous cements are primarily used for their low cost and slow hardening properties.
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What is one civil application for clays and shales?
What is one civil application for clays and shales?
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What are the main raw materials used in aluminous cements?
What are the main raw materials used in aluminous cements?
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The ideal cement rock contains 77 to 78% ______.
The ideal cement rock contains 77 to 78% ______.
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Match the following sources of calcium carbonate with their descriptions:
Match the following sources of calcium carbonate with their descriptions:
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Which material is a by-product of burning finely grounded coal?
Which material is a by-product of burning finely grounded coal?
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Shales, mudstones, and sandstones are typically not associated with limestone deposits.
Shales, mudstones, and sandstones are typically not associated with limestone deposits.
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What additional materials may be needed when limestone has a lower content of CaCO3?
What additional materials may be needed when limestone has a lower content of CaCO3?
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Study Notes
Cement Overview
- Cement is a crystalline compound primarily composed of calcium silicates and other calcium compounds with hydraulic properties.
Cement History
- Lime and clay have been used as cementing materials for centuries.
- Romans are credited with developing hydraulic cement, notably using pozzolan-lime cement made from volcanic ash from Mount Vesuvius mixed with lime.
- The Pantheon in Rome is a well-known surviving example of Roman construction using pozzolan-lime cement.
- Joseph Aspdin, from England, invented Portland cement in 1824.
Types of Cement
-
Hydraulic Cements: Harden with water through hydration.
- Pozzolanic cements: Any siliceous material that develops hydraulic cementitious properties when interacting with hydrated lime.
- Hydraulic lime: Used in specialized mortars and produced from calcined clay-rich limestones.
- Natural Cements: Misleadingly called "Roman cement," primarily from argillaceous limestones or interbedded limestone and clay/shale.
Portland Cement
- Artificial cement.
- Made by mixing clinker with gypsum in a 95:5 ratio.
- Portland-limestone cements: Have significant amounts of ground limestone added as a filler.
- Blended cements: A blend of Portland cement and one or more supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) like pozzolanic additives.
- Pozzolan-lime cements: A type of original Roman cement.
- Masonry cements: Portland cement that has other materials added to improve plasticity (the ability to be molded easily).
- Aluminous cements: Made primarily from limestone and bauxite, usable for refractory applications (e.g., furnace bricks) where rapid hardening is important.
Raw Materials for Cement
- Fundamentally, cement clinker is made from lime (CaO), silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), and iron oxide (Fe2O3).
- Raw materials: Limestone, marl, chalk (sources of calcium carbonate); clays, shales, sand (sources of argillaceous materials); fly ash, bottom ash, foundry sand, metallurgical slags (waste material substitutes).
Cement Clinker Compounds
- Tricalcium silicate (alite) - 3CS or C3S
- Dicalcium silicate (belite) - 2CS or C2S
- Tricalcium aluminate - 3CA or C3A
- Tetracalcium aluminoferrite - 4CAF or CAF
Cement Production
- Significant global production with variations in capacities from country to country.
- World production statistics available (data in thousands of metric tons).
- A variety of methods for mining raw materials varying in approach based on type of mineral and location.
- Multiple processing steps in clinker production. (e.g., quarrying, blending, grinding, kiln system, etc)
Cement Uses
- Predominantly used in the fabrication of concrete and mortars.
- Modern uses include construction, transportation (roads, bridges, etc.), water infrastructure (dams, pipes), and agriculture/civil applications.
Cement Substitutes
- Some materials, like fly ash and ground granulated furnace slags, have good hydraulic properties and function as partial substitutes for Portland cement in concrete applications.
- Alternative materials such as asphalt, clay brick, fiberglass, glass, steel, and stone wood are used as alternatives or substitutes for cement in concrete applications.
Cement Resources
- Cement raw materials, especially limestone, are widespread and abundant, making overall shortages unlikely in the future.
Marketing
- Wide distribution of cement plants lowers costs for consumers.
- In any market, other factors (like delivered cost, product consistency, and sales relationship with users) drive the cement market.
- Economic growth, private/government investment, and population growth also influence cement consumption.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of cement, from its crystalline composition to its historical significance. Learn about the different types of cement, including hydraulic and natural cements, and discover the pioneers of cement development, such as the Romans and Joseph Aspdin. This quiz will enhance your understanding of one of the most essential materials in construction.
