CELTA Grammar and Word Classes

CELTA stands for Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults, now referred to as Certificate in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages.
Grammar serves as a system to convey meaning in communication.

Major English word classes include noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, determiner, pronoun, conjunction.

Common Nouns: General names for people, places, or things (e.g., dog, city).
Proper Nouns: Specific names that are capitalized (e.g., Maria, London).
Singular Nouns: Refer to one entity (e.g., cat, tree).
Plural Nouns: Indicate more than one (e.g., cats, trees).
Collective Nouns: Represent groups (e.g., team, family).
Abstract Nouns: Intangible concepts (e.g., love, freedom).
Concrete Nouns: Physical entities that can be perceived (e.g., table, water).
Compound Nouns: Formed by combining words, can be open (ice cream), hyphenated (mother-in-law), or closed (toothpaste).

Stative Verbs: Indicate a state or condition (e.g., know, love).
Action Verbs: Represent physical or mental actions (e.g., run, eat).
Subject-Verb Agreement: Ensures subject and verb match in number (e.g., "The dog barks," vs. "The dogs bark").
Verb Tenses: Show the timing of actions (e.g., past: walked, present: walks, future: will walk).
Regular Verbs: Follow a pattern in tense change, typically by adding "-ed" (e.g., talk to talked).
Irregular Verbs: Do not follow regular patterns (e.g., go to went, write to wrote).
Transitive Verbs: Require a direct object (e.g., "He kicked the ball").
Intransitive Verbs: Stand alone without needing a direct object (e.g., "The baby cried").
Auxiliary Verbs: Help form different tenses and aspects (e.g., is, have).
Modal Verbs: Indicate necessity or possibility (e.g., can, must).

Adjectives of Quality: Describe characteristics of nouns (e.g., beautiful voice, tall building).
Enhance descriptions and provide specific information about the noun (e.g., delicious cake, brave soldier).