Cellular Structures Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following organelles is responsible for the synthesis of proteins that are destined for export from the cell?

  • Ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (correct)
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosomes

    • What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

  • Breakdown of cellular waste products
  • Production of ATP
  • Synthesis of lipids
  • Packaging and sorting of proteins and other cellular products for transport (correct)

    • Which of the following organelles is involved in the breakdown of bacteria that have entered a cell?

  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Centrioles
  • Lysosomes (correct)

    • Which of the following organelles is involved in the synthesis of lipids?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cilia in a cell?

    <p>Movement of substances across the cell surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between nonspecific and specific defense mechanisms?

    <p>Nonspecific mechanisms are present at birth while specific mechanisms develop over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of inflammation?

    <p>Loss of function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is responsible for producing antibodies?

    <p>B-cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do memory cells contribute to the immune response?

    <p>They provide a faster and more intense response upon subsequent encounters with the same antigen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of normal flora in the body?

    <p>Compete with pathogens for resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of direct contact transmission?

    <p>Getting infected by touching a contaminated doorknob. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between droplet and airborne transmission?

    <p>Droplet transmission involves larger particles that travel shorter distances while airborne transmission involves smaller particles that travel longer distances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way that normal flora can become opportunistic pathogens?

    <p>Exposure to new pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a biological vector?

    <p>A mosquito transmitting malaria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential application of microbiology?

    <p>Predicting the weather. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Flagella

    Long, few structures that move the cell itself.

    Chloroplasts

    Organelles in plant cells that convert sunlight into chemical energy via photosynthesis.

    Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms

    General defenses that act against all harmful agents, providing nonspecific resistance.

    Phagocytosis

    The process by which certain cells ingest or engulf other cells or particles.

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    Inflammation

    A nonspecific defense mechanism marked by redness, heat, swelling, and pain at the injury site.

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    Cell-mediated Immunity

    A type of immunity produced by T-cells primarily against viruses and fungi.

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    Antibody-mediated Immunity

    Immunity produced by B-cells that primarily target bacteria.

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    Normal Flora

    Microbes that are normally present in the body, usually protective and non-pathogenic.

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    Contact Transmission

    Transmission of pathogens via direct or indirect physical contact between hosts.

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    Vector Transmission

    Transmission of pathogens through living organisms, especially arthropods.

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    Mitochondria

    Organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, producing ATP.

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    Ribosomes

    Tiny structures made of RNA that synthesize proteins in cells.

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    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    A network of membranes involved in lipid and protein synthesis; has smooth and rough types.

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    Golgi Apparatus

    Stacked flat sacs that modify, package, and distribute proteins from the ER.

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    Lysosomes

    Sacs filled with digestive enzymes that break down waste and cellular debris.

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    Study Notes

    Cellular Structures

    • Mitochondria: Long, fluid-filled sacs; the "power site" of the cell, producing ATP.
    • Ribosomes: Small RNA granules, some free in the cytoplasm, others attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), responsible for protein synthesis.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranes.
      • Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis.
      • Rough ER: Involved in protein synthesis and transport.
    • Golgi Apparatus: Flattened sacs, connected to the ER; packages and ships cellular products.
    • Lysosomes: Sacs with digestive enzymes, breaking down particles like bacteria.
    • Centrioles: Two rods at right angles, crucial for cell division.
    • Cilia: Short, numerous, hair-like projections that create wave-like motions to move substances across surfaces (e.g., in the respiratory tract).
    • Flagella: Long, few in number; used for cell movement.
    • Chloroplasts: Found in algae and plant cells; convert solar energy into chemical energy (photosynthesis).

    Defense Mechanisms Against Infection

    • Nonspecific Mechanisms: Provide general resistance against all harmful agents.
    • Specific Mechanisms (Immunity): Target specific agents, providing immunity.
    • Susceptibility: Lack of resistance.
    • Virulence: The pathogen's disease-causing power.

    Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms

    • Intact skin and mucous membranes: A primary barrier.
    • Flushing fluids: Tears, saliva, and urine wash pathogens away.
    • Complements: Plasma proteins activated by foreign bodies, inducing phagocytosis and inflammation.
    • Interferons: Chemicals produced by infected cells to protect uninfected cells from viral infection.
    • Phagocytosis: Cells engulf and destroy pathogens.
      • Neutrophils: Small, granular leukocytes.
      • Monocytes/Macrophages: Large, agranular leukocytes; Kupffer cells are macrophages in liver tissue.
    • Inflammation: A nonspecific response to tissue damage.
      • Signs: Redness, heat, swelling, pain, possible loss of function.
      • Types:
        • Localized: Limited to a specific area.
        • Systemic: Widespread; characterized by:
          • Leukocytosis: Increased white blood cell count due to bone marrow stimulation.
          • Fever: Elevated body temperature due to pyrogens.
          • Hypotension: Lowered blood pressure due to generalized vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.

    Specific Defense Mechanisms (Immunity)

    • Cell-mediated Immunity (T cells): Primarily targets viruses and fungi.
      • Killer T cells: Destroy infected cells.
      • Memory T cells: Remember antigens for faster responses in subsequent exposures.
    • Antibody-mediated Immunity (B cells): Primarily targets bacteria.
      • Plasma cells: Produce antibodies.
      • Memory B cells: Recognize antigens for a quicker, stronger secondary response.

    Normal Flora

    • Resident Flora: Permanently present throughout life (e.g., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli).
    • Transient Flora: Present for a shorter duration (e.g., Bacillus laterosporus).
    • Normal flora are usually protective, but disruption of balance can lead to opportunistic pathogenicity.

    Modes of Transmission

    • Contact Transmission:
      • Direct: Person-to-person (e.g., touching, kissing).
      • Indirect: Through a nonliving object (fomite).
    • Droplet Transmission: Airborne transmission of organisms at distances less than a meter
    • Airborne Transmission: Organisms travel more than a meter.
    • Water-borne/Food-borne: Via contaminated water or undercooked food.
    • Bodily Fluid Transmission: Through blood, urine, saliva, and other bodily fluids.
    • Vector Transmission: Animals (e.g., arthropods) which carry pathogens.
      • Biological Vectors: Active transmission (e.g., mosquito bites).
      • Mechanical Vectors: Passive transmission.

    Applied Microbiology

    • Food production (yogurt, bread).
    • Alcoholic beverages (wine, beer).
    • Water treatment.
    • Pharmaceutical agents (penicillin).
    • Agriculture (fertilizers).
    • Bioremediation (petroleum).
    • Forensics (medicine, criminal justice, bioterrorism).
    • Energy production (ethanol).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on essential cellular structures such as mitochondria, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum. This quiz covers their functions, roles, and importance in cell biology. Ideal for students of biology wanting to reinforce their understanding of cell anatomy.

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