Cellular Structure and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lipids?

  • They can be found in solution in the cytosol. (correct)
  • They are insoluble in water due to their low ability to polarize.
  • They are composed of four rings called sterane.
  • They are the building blocks of biological membranes.

    • What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

  • To produce energy for the cell.
  • To store genetic information.
  • To regulate the transport of substances into and out of the cell. (correct)
  • To break down waste products.

    • Which of the following molecules is NOT considered one of the four major families of small organic molecules containing carbon and hydrogen?

  • Nucleotides
  • Saccharides
  • Fatty acids
  • Proteins (correct)

    • What is the main reason water is essential for life?

    <p>It acts as an excellent solvent for many chemical compounds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid has only single bonds between carbon atoms?

    <p>Saturated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a structural carbohydrate?

    <p>Cellulose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

    <p>To store energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules is NOT a type of lipid?

    <p>Nucleotides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is responsible for the unique properties of water?

    <p>Hydrogen bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a property of carbon that makes it essential for life?

    <p>It has a high electronegativity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT found in a prokaryotic cell?

    <p>Nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of inorganic molecules?

    <p>They always lack carbon-hydrogen bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key function of the Golgi apparatus within a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>Packaging and modifying proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>The presence of a nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of lipids in living organisms?

    <p>Building cell membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) within a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>Synthesizing new proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of plasmids in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Storing genetic information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cell

    The smallest living unit that makes up all organisms.

    Prokaryotic Cells

    Simple cells without a nucleus, like bacteria.

    Eukaryotic Cells

    Complex cells with a nucleus, found in plants and animals.

    Organic Molecules

    Molecules that contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, essential for life.

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    Inorganic Molecules

    Molecules that usually do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.

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    Components of Eukaryotic Cells

    Key parts include the nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus.

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    Types of Eukaryotic Organisms

    Single-celled organisms (like protozoa) and multi-celled organisms (like plants).

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    Functions of Organic Molecules

    They provide energy, carry genetic info, and are involved in cellular functions.

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    Water

    The main component of cells, essential for life; makes up 70-80% of cell content.

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    Hydrogen bond

    A specialized dipole-dipole force existing between oxygen and hydrogen in water.

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    Carbon atom

    An atom with 6 protons/neutrons; forms strong covalent bonds, essential for organic compounds.

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    Organic compounds

    Molecules containing carbon atoms bonded to other elements like hydrogen and oxygen.

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    Saccharides

    Carbohydrates made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; key energy sources in organisms.

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    Fatty acids

    Carboxyl group attached to hydrocarbon chains; can be saturated or unsaturated.

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    Lipids

    Esters of fatty acids, make up biological membranes, and store energy.

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    Cell membrane

    A barrier that separates a cell's internal environment from the external environment, composed of lipids, proteins, and sugars.

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    Cytoplasm

    The internal environment of a cell, including cytoskeleton and organelles.

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    Cell function

    Functions of the cell membrane include protection, reaction to stimuli, and transport regulation.

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    Study Notes

    Cellular Structure and Function

    • Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms.
    • They are formed by the division of existing cells.
    • Cells contain genetic information (DNA) passed to daughter cells during division.
    • All cells share the same fundamental chemical components.
    • All life processes occur within cells.

    Cell Types

    • Two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
    • Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and can be single-celled (protozoa, some algae and fungi) or multicellular (plants, animals, and some fungi).
    • Prokaryotic cells are simpler, lacking membrane-bound organelles and are always single-celled (bacteria, archaea).

    Eukaryotic Cell Components

    • Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance filling the cell.
    • Cytoskeleton: Network of protein fibers supporting cell structure and movement.
    • Nucleus: Contains the cell's DNA.
    • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
    • Mitochondria: "Powerhouses" of the cell, responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
    • Golgi apparatus: Processes and packages proteins.
    • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes.
    • Peroxisomes: Involved in detoxification.

    Prokaryotic Cell Components

    • Cell membrane: Separates the cell from its surroundings.
    • Cell wall: Provides structural support (in bacteria).
    • Capsule (mucus): Protective layer (in bacteria).
    • Flagella (cilia): Structures for movement (in bacteria).
    • Cytosol: The fluid component in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
    • Nucleoid: Region where DNA is located.
    • Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules.
    • Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.

    Chemical Composition of Cells

    • Organic molecules: Contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.
      • Are larger and more complex.
      • Found in living organisms.
      • Form biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).
        • Carbohydrates: Provide energy (e.g., glucose).
        • Proteins: Perform various functions (e.g., enzymes).
        • Lipids: Store energy and form cell membranes (e.g., fats, oils).
        • Nucleic acids: Carry genetic information (e.g., DNA, RNA).
    • Inorganic molecules: Do not typically contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.
      • Are smaller and simpler.
      • Found in both living and non-living things.
      • Play vital roles in physiological processes (e.g., water, salts, minerals, gases).

    Water

    • Water is the major component of living organisms (70-80% of cells).
    • Essential for life processes.
    • Excellent solvent.
    • Can be a substrate or product in many reactions.
    • Its properties (dipolar nature, hydrogen bonding) are crucial for life.

    Carbon

    • Carbon is a fundamental element in organic molecules.
    • Forms strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and other elements.
    • Can form chains, branched structures, and rings.

    Organic Compounds (containing carbon and hydrogen)

    • Four major families:
      • Carbohydrates (saccharides): Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Function in energy storage (e.g., glycogen, starch) and structural roles (e.g., cellulose, chitin).
      • Fatty acids: Have a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group. Saturated vs. unsaturated. Important components of lipids.
      • Amino acids: Building blocks of proteins.
      • Nucleotides: Building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

    Lipids

    • Insoluble in water.
    • Esters of fatty acids bonded to alcohols (e.g., glycerol, sphingosine).
    • Components of cell membranes.
    • Forms of energy storage.
    • Types of lipids include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and glycolipids.

    Cell Membranes

    • Separate internal and external environments.
    • Composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
    • Regulates the transport of materials into and out of the cell.
    • Protects cells from external factors.

    Cell Components

    • Organelles: Membrane-bound structures in eukaryotic cells performing specific functions.
    • Cytoplasm: Area within the cell membrane, excluding the nucleus and organelle

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamental units of life with this quiz about cellular structure and function. Explore different cell types, their components, and how they contribute to life processes. Ideal for biology students, this quiz will challenge your understanding of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

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