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Questions and Answers
During a high-intensity workout, a weightlifter experiences muscle fatigue. Which process is MOST likely contributing to this fatigue?
During a high-intensity workout, a weightlifter experiences muscle fatigue. Which process is MOST likely contributing to this fatigue?
- The buildup of lactic acid due to fermentation. (correct)
- The accumulation of ethanol due to alcoholic fermentation.
- The depletion of ATP reserves and a shift towards aerobic respiration.
- An increased rate of glucose production via cellular respiration.
A scientist is studying a yeast culture and observes the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide. Which metabolic process is MOST likely occurring?
A scientist is studying a yeast culture and observes the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide. Which metabolic process is MOST likely occurring?
- Aerobic respiration.
- Alcoholic fermentation. (correct)
- Lactic acid fermentation.
- Beta-oxidation.
In the industrial production of yogurt, which metabolic process is primarily responsible for the conversion of milk sugars into the characteristic tangy flavor?
In the industrial production of yogurt, which metabolic process is primarily responsible for the conversion of milk sugars into the characteristic tangy flavor?
- Cellular respiration.
- Photosynthesis.
- Alcoholic fermentation.
- Lactic acid fermentation. (correct)
A long-distance runner relies on different energy sources during a race. After the initial ATP reserves are depleted and lactic acid fermentation starts to dominate, what is the NEXT primary source of energy the runner's body will utilize?
A long-distance runner relies on different energy sources during a race. After the initial ATP reserves are depleted and lactic acid fermentation starts to dominate, what is the NEXT primary source of energy the runner's body will utilize?
During intense exercise, fermentation allows glycolysis to continue under anaerobic conditions by:
During intense exercise, fermentation allows glycolysis to continue under anaerobic conditions by:
During cellular respiration, if the process occurred in a single step, what would be the primary consequence?
During cellular respiration, if the process occurred in a single step, what would be the primary consequence?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between glycolysis and the mitochondria in cellular respiration?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between glycolysis and the mitochondria in cellular respiration?
If a cell's demand for energy suddenly increases, what immediate effect does this have on oxygen requirements, and why?
If a cell's demand for energy suddenly increases, what immediate effect does this have on oxygen requirements, and why?
In the absence of oxygen, what is the purpose of fermentation?
In the absence of oxygen, what is the purpose of fermentation?
Which of the following processes of cellular respiration is anaerobic?
Which of the following processes of cellular respiration is anaerobic?
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
Which of the following is the balanced equation for Cellular Respiration?
Which of the following is the balanced equation for Cellular Respiration?
In what way does the electron transport chain contribute the most to cellular respiration?
In what way does the electron transport chain contribute the most to cellular respiration?
Flashcards
What is Fermentation?
What is Fermentation?
A process that regenerates NAD⁺, allowing glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.
Alcoholic Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2 C₂H₅OH + 2 CO₂ + ATP. Used in brewing, baking, and biofuel production.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2 C₃H₆O₃ + ATP. Used in dairy, pickling, and muscle energy during exercise.
What causes oxygen debt?
What causes oxygen debt?
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Energy source order (long race)
Energy source order (long race)
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Cellular Respiration Equation
Cellular Respiration Equation
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3 Stages of Cellular Respiration
3 Stages of Cellular Respiration
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Highest ATP Production Stage
Highest ATP Production Stage
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Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
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Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
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Is Glycolysis Aerobic or Anaerobic?
Is Glycolysis Aerobic or Anaerobic?
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Site of Cellular Respiration
Site of Cellular Respiration
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Glycolysis Location
Glycolysis Location
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Study Notes
- Cellular respiration releases energy through 3 processes within the mitochondria.
Balanced Equation for Cellular Respiration
- C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + ATP
Three Main Stages of Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis
- Krebs Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain
Key Facts
- The electron transport chain yields the greatest amount of energy.
- ATP is required at the end of the electron transport chain.
- As energy demand increases, oxygen demand increases to produce ATP.
- Aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
- Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen.
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis: anaerobic.
Krebs Cycle
- Krebs cycle: aerobic.
Electron Transport Chain
- Electron Transport Chain: aerobic.
Organelle Site
- Mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration.
Glycolysis Location
- Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm.
Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain Location
- The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain take place in the mitochondrial matrix.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Relationship
- The energy flow in photosynthesis and cellular respiration occurs in opposite directions.
- Photosynthesis deposits energy in Earth’s “savings account” for living organisms.
- Cellular respiration adds carbon dioxide to the air.
- Photosynthesis takes place in plants, algae, and some bacteria, but not in nearly all life.
Other Key information
- If cellular respiration occurred in one step, most energy would be lost as light and heat.
- Glycolysis, the initial step of cellular respiration, occurs in the cytoplasm.
- Approximately 90% of the chemical energy remains locked in pyruvic acid molecules after glycolysis.
- Cellular respiration continues in the mitochondria via the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
- Pathways requiring oxygen are aerobic; those not requiring oxygen are anaerobic.
Fermentation
- Fermentation produces energy (ATP) without oxygen by converting glucose to lactic acid or alcohol and carbon dioxide.
Alcoholic Fermentation
- Summary Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2 C₂H₅OH + 2 CO₂ + ATP
- Used in brewing (beer, wine), baking (bread rising), and biofuel production.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Summary Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2 C₃H₆O₃ + ATP
- Used in dairy (yogurt, cheese), pickling (sauerkraut, kimchi), and muscle energy during exercise.
Glycolysis and Fermentation
- Glycolysis provides pyruvic acid molecules used in fermentation.
- Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue by providing NAD⁺ needed to accept high-energy electrons.
- Fermentation is an anaerobic process occurring in the cytoplasm of cells.
- Alcoholic fermentation emits carbon dioxide and is used in making bread.
- Most organisms perform fermentation by converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid.
Energy and Excercise information
- Runners breathe heavily after a sprint to repay the oxygen debt from anaerobic respiration.
- Extra oxygen is needed to break down lactic acid and restore energy levels.
Body's Energy Sources During Exercise
- Stored ATP: Used in the first few seconds.
- Lactic acid fermentation: Provides short-term energy for up to 90 seconds.
- Cellular respiration: Aerobic metabolism of glucose & glycogen; used after 90 seconds, lasting about 20 minutes.
- Breakdown of fat reserves: Used for energy during extended endurance activities.
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