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Questions and Answers
What is a byproduct of cellular respiration?
What is a byproduct of cellular respiration?
Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true?
Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true?
Which molecule is produced during alcoholic fermentation by yeasts?
Which molecule is produced during alcoholic fermentation by yeasts?
Which process is characterized as anaerobic and involves the conversion of pyruvate?
Which process is characterized as anaerobic and involves the conversion of pyruvate?
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What is the net energy yield from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration?
What is the net energy yield from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration?
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In cellular respiration, which of the following compounds acts as an electron acceptor?
In cellular respiration, which of the following compounds acts as an electron acceptor?
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What are the end products of fermentation in animal cells?
What are the end products of fermentation in animal cells?
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How does the efficiency of cellular respiration compare to that of burning gasoline?
How does the efficiency of cellular respiration compare to that of burning gasoline?
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What is the primary function of the mitochondria in cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in cellular respiration?
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Where do the preparatory reaction and citric acid cycle enzymes reside within the mitochondrion?
Where do the preparatory reaction and citric acid cycle enzymes reside within the mitochondrion?
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What role does NADH and FADH2 play in the electron transport chain?
What role does NADH and FADH2 play in the electron transport chain?
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Which statement is true regarding the production of ATP from FADH2?
Which statement is true regarding the production of ATP from FADH2?
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What distinguishes catabolism from anabolism?
What distinguishes catabolism from anabolism?
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What is the purpose of cristae in the mitochondria?
What is the purpose of cristae in the mitochondria?
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How many carbon atoms from glucose are converted to carbon dioxide during cellular respiration?
How many carbon atoms from glucose are converted to carbon dioxide during cellular respiration?
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Which statement correctly describes chemiosmosis in the context of cellular respiration?
Which statement correctly describes chemiosmosis in the context of cellular respiration?
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What process leads to the formation of a carbon skeleton in the liver?
What process leads to the formation of a carbon skeleton in the liver?
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Which statement correctly describes the relationship between chloroplasts and mitochondria?
Which statement correctly describes the relationship between chloroplasts and mitochondria?
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Which amino acids must be obtained through diet because humans cannot synthesize them?
Which amino acids must be obtained through diet because humans cannot synthesize them?
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What happens to the amino group after deamination?
What happens to the amino group after deamination?
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How do carbohydrates contribute to fat synthesis?
How do carbohydrates contribute to fat synthesis?
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What is the primary source of energy for producing carbohydrates in chloroplasts?
What is the primary source of energy for producing carbohydrates in chloroplasts?
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Which statement about amino acid synthesis is true?
Which statement about amino acid synthesis is true?
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What is the role of ATP produced during catabolism?
What is the role of ATP produced during catabolism?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- Involves various metabolic pathways breaking down carbohydrates, other metabolites, and building up ATP.
- Consumes oxygen, producing CO2; is aerobic.
- Typically involves the complete breakdown of glucose into CO2 and H₂O.
- Net equation for glucose breakdown: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy
- Glucose is high-energy, CO₂ and H₂O are low-energy molecules; respiration is exergonic (releases energy).
- Electrons removed from substrates by oxygen which combines with H+ to become water.
- Glucose is oxidized, and O₂ is reduced.
- Reactions release energy gradually, producing ATP.
- Rapid breakdown would result in mostly lost energy as non-usable heat.
- Glucose breakdown yields 36 or 38 ATP (depending on conditions); this preserves ~39% of available energy.
- More efficient than, for example, a car burning gasoline (~25% efficiency).
NAD+ and FAD
- Each metabolic reaction in respiration is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.
- NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) accepts two electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+) forming NADH + H+.
- FAD also accepts electrons and H+ forming FADH₂.
- High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH₂ are typically carried to the electron transport chain.
Cellular Respiration Phases
-
Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm into two pyruvate molecules.
- Releases enough energy for two ATP.
- Is anaerobic (doesn't use oxygen)
- Preparatory reaction: Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, oxidized to a two-carbon acetyl group, and releases CO₂. This occurs twice per glucose molecule.
-
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, producing NADH and FADH₂.
- Also releases CO₂ and forms one ATP per cycle.
- Turns twice per glucose
-
Electron Transport Chain: Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Carriers pass electrons sequentially, releasing energy stored to produce ATP.
- Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, forming water.
Fermentation
- An anaerobic process occurring in the absence of oxygen.
- Consists of glycolysis plus the reduction of pyruvate (producing lactate or alcohol).
- Animal cells produce lactate.
- Yeasts produce ethyl alcohol and CO₂.
- NADH passes electrons to pyruvate, regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis.
- Fermentation provides quick bursts of ATP for certain activities, but yields less than respiration (2 ATP).
- Lactate build-up can lead to muscle fatigue and oxygen debt.
Inside the Mitochondria
- Preparatory reaction, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondrion.
Mitochondria Structure
- Mitochondria have a double membrane.
- Inner membrane is folded into cristae.
- The fluid-filled space within the inner membrane is the matrix.
- The cristae and matrix contain the necessary enzymes for cellular respiration.
Energy Production
- Substrate-Level Phosphorylation: ATP produced during glycolysis and citric acid cycle.
- Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis: Most ATP is synthesized during this step.
- Glucose Breakdown: Complete breakdown of glucose releases ~686 kcal, with ~36 to 38 ATP produced via respiration.
- Efficiency: Complete glucose breakdown yields ~39% (263 kcal/686 kcal).
Metabolic Pool
- Substrates serve as entry points for degradation and synthesis.
- Degradative reactions (catabolism) break down molecules (exergonic).
- Synthetic reactions (anabolism) build molecules (endergonic).
- Other molecules beside glucose are also broken down in catabolism such as fats into glycerol and fatty acids.
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts and mitochondria have similarities but perform different functions.
- Photosynthesis produces carbs such as glucose utilizing the sun's energy
- Respiration converts these carbs into ATP using O² releasing CO².
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Description
Test your understanding of cellular respiration, including its metabolic pathways and the role of NAD+ and FAD. This quiz covers the breakdown of glucose, the production of ATP, and the significance of aerobic processes. Explore how energy is converted and conserved in biological systems.
