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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of Complex III in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the primary function of Complex III in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
During oxidative phosphorylation, what is the role of oxygen in Complex IV?
During oxidative phosphorylation, what is the role of oxygen in Complex IV?
What process drives ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis?
What process drives ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis?
Which statement about Complex I is correct?
Which statement about Complex I is correct?
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What is the source of the energy used to produce ATP from ADP during oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the source of the energy used to produce ATP from ADP during oxidative phosphorylation?
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What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?
What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?
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Which process occurs in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration?
Which process occurs in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration?
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What is a key difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
What is a key difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
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What is the end product of lactic acid fermentation?
What is the end product of lactic acid fermentation?
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How many ATP molecules are theoretically produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?
How many ATP molecules are theoretically produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?
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Which component is essential for aerobic respiration?
Which component is essential for aerobic respiration?
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What role does NAD+ play in anaerobic respiration?
What role does NAD+ play in anaerobic respiration?
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What by-products are produced during alcoholic fermentation?
What by-products are produced during alcoholic fermentation?
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What is the primary role of lactate dehydrogenase in lactic acid fermentation?
What is the primary role of lactate dehydrogenase in lactic acid fermentation?
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How does lactic acid fermentation affect muscle performance during intense exercise?
How does lactic acid fermentation affect muscle performance during intense exercise?
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Which of the following is NOT produced during glycolysis?
Which of the following is NOT produced during glycolysis?
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Which of the following food items is often produced using lactic acid fermentation?
Which of the following food items is often produced using lactic acid fermentation?
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What is the energy yield of lactic acid fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?
What is the energy yield of lactic acid fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?
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What happens to lactic acid after intense exercise when oxygen levels are restored?
What happens to lactic acid after intense exercise when oxygen levels are restored?
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Which microorganism is primarily responsible for lactic acid fermentation in dairy products?
Which microorganism is primarily responsible for lactic acid fermentation in dairy products?
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Which of the following stages of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria?
Which of the following stages of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration is the process where cells convert nutrients (primarily glucose) into energy (ATP), powering cellular functions.
- It occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
- A series of metabolic pathways are involved, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and the electron transport chain.
- The overall chemical reaction is: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy. (Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy)
Mitochondria
- Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell.
- They have inner and outer membranes.
- Cristae are folds in the inner membrane.
- The matrix is the space inside the inner membrane.
- Mitochondria contain ribosomes and granules.
- Contains mitochondrial DNA.
Sites of Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
- The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
- The electron transport chain occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Key enzymes are involved in each step, including glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and The Electron Transport Chain.
Key Components
- Cellular respiration takes place in cytoplasm and mitochondria.
- It produces ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
- Requires glucose (carbohydrates) and oxygen (aerobic respiration).
- Products are ATP (energy), carbon dioxide, and water.
- ATP is made of adenosine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
Glucose Projections
- Glucose has different representations like Fischer and Haworth projections, as well as ball-and-stick models.
- Chemical formulas represent the glucose molecule.
Types of Cellular Respiration
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Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen, occurs in eukaryotic cells in mitochondria, generates a large number of ATP (36-38 ATP). Two main phases: Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
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Anaerobic Respiration: Does not require oxygen, produces less energy (2 ATP), results in fermentation.
Anaerobic Respiration Equation
- Lactic Acid Fermentation: Pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+. Occurs in muscle cells during intense exercise,
- Alcoholic Fermentation: Pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO₂ + NAD+. Used by yeast and some microorganisms. Key Applications: bread-making, alcohol production.
Types of Fermentation
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Alcoholic Fermentation: Pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO₂ + NAD+ . Used for bread-making and alcohol production.
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Lactic Acid Fermentation: Pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+. Occurs in muscles during intense exercise. Creates muscle soreness and burning sensation).
Lactic Acid Fermentation, exercise, Effects
- Lack of oxygen during intense exercise causes muscles to rely on lactic acid fermentation.
- During strenuous exercise, muscles can use up oxygen faster than it is supplied, limiting ATP production through aerobic respiration.
- Lactic acid builds up, leading to a burning sensation
- After exercise, the body returns to aerobic respiration, and lactic acid is cleared
Cori's Cycle
- Lactate produced via glycolysis in muscle is transported to the liver and kidney where it's converted back into glucose.
Applications in Food Production
- Lactic Acid Fermentation: Important in cheese and yogurt production, pickling processes, buttermilk, and sour cream.
Fermentation in Food Production
- Lactobacillus bacteria play a key role in lactic acid fermentation, are used in dairy products, and kimchi.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis: Occurs in cytoplasm, splits glucose into pyruvate, produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
- Krebs Cycle: Occurs in mitochondria, produces CO₂, ATP, NADH, and FADH₂.
- Electron Transport Chain: Occurs in mitochondrial membrane, produces most ATP (up to 36 molecules).
Glycolysis: Detailed steps
- Detailed steps involved in glycolysis, including phosphorylation, isomerization, splitting, oxidation, and ATP production.
- Various enzymes are part of the glycolysis metabolic pathway. (Examples given)
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- The final stage of cellular respiration.
- Consists of electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
- Complexes I, II, III, and IV in the electron transport chain pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane.
- The hydrogen ions flow back through ATP synthase, generating ATP via chemiosmosis.
Electron Transport Chain, Chemisosmis
- Components, function of each major step in the electron transport chain.
- Hydrogen ion gradient drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase. (detailed diagrams show the process).
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Description
Test your knowledge on cellular respiration processes, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. This quiz will also cover the role of mitochondria and their structures in energy production.
