Cellular Respiration Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of Complex III in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

  • Conversion of FADH2 to FAD
  • Conversion of NADH to NAD+
  • Transport of electrons from Ubiquinone (Q) to Cytochrome C (correct)
  • Generation of ATP from ADP

During oxidative phosphorylation, what is the role of oxygen in Complex IV?

  • It accepts electrons and forms water molecules (correct)
  • It activates Cytochrome C
  • It converts hydrogen ions into water
  • It initiates the phosphorylation of ADP

What process drives ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis?

  • Reduction of oxygen in the mitochondria
  • Movement of electrons through the electron transport chain
  • Diffusion of protons down their electrochemical gradient (correct)
  • Transport of ADP out of the matrix

Which statement about Complex I is correct?

<p>It is also known as NADH Dehydrogenase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of the energy used to produce ATP from ADP during oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>The energy from the movement of hydrogen ions across the membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?

<p>To convert nutrients into energy in the form of ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration?

<p>Krebs cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

<p>Aerobic respiration requires oxygen while anaerobic does not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Lactic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are theoretically produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?

<p>38 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for aerobic respiration?

<p>Oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does NAD+ play in anaerobic respiration?

<p>It converts NADH back to NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What by-products are produced during alcoholic fermentation?

<p>Alcohol and carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lactate dehydrogenase in lactic acid fermentation?

<p>To regenerate NAD⁺ from NADH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does lactic acid fermentation affect muscle performance during intense exercise?

<p>It allows muscles to continue working despite low oxygen levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT produced during glycolysis?

<p>FADH₂ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following food items is often produced using lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Kimchi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy yield of lactic acid fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?

<p>It yields less ATP than aerobic respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to lactic acid after intense exercise when oxygen levels are restored?

<p>It is converted back into glucose in the liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganism is primarily responsible for lactic acid fermentation in dairy products?

<p>Lactobacillus bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria?

<p>Krebs cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cellular Respiration

The process where cells convert nutrients (like glucose) into energy (ATP) for cell functions.

Aerobic Respiration

Type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen, producing a lot of ATP.

Anaerobic Respiration

Type of cellular respiration that doesn't need oxygen, producing less ATP and often resulting in fermentation.

Glycolysis

A metabolic pathway where glucose is partially broken down to produce some ATP.

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Krebs Cycle

Stage of aerobic respiration where more ATP is produced and other key molecules are made.

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Electron Transport Chain

Final stage of aerobic respiration, where most ATP is generated.

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Fermentation

Process that occurs in anaerobic respiration, converting NADH back to NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue.

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy currency of the cell.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

A metabolic process that generates ATP using the energy released from the movement of electrons through an electron transport chain coupled with the pumping of protons across a membrane, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

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Chemiosmosis

The movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient, which is used to generate ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.

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ATP Synthase

A protein complex that uses the energy from the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

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How does Complex I contribute to oxidative phosphorylation?

Complex I, or NADH reductase, oxidizes NADH to NAD+ while transferring electrons to Ubiquinone, generating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

A process where cells convert pyruvate into lactic acid to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis when oxygen is limited.

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Lactic Acid Buildup

The accumulation of lactic acid in muscles during intense exercise, leading to a burning sensation.

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NAD+ Regeneration

The process of converting NADH back to NAD+ in lactic acid fermentation, essential for continuing glycolysis.

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Cheese and Yogurt

Food products made through lactic acid fermentation by Lactobacillus bacteria.

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Kimchi Fermentation

Fermentation of cabbage using Lactobacillus bacteria, producing lactic acid and sometimes alcohol.

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Glycolysis: ATP Production

Glycolysis yields only 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation: ATP Production

The electron transport chain within oxidative phosphorylation produces the majority of ATP (up to 36 molecules) per glucose.

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NADH and FADH2

Molecules carrying energy from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.

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Study Notes

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration is the process where cells convert nutrients (primarily glucose) into energy (ATP), powering cellular functions.
  • It occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
  • A series of metabolic pathways are involved, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and the electron transport chain.
  • The overall chemical reaction is: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy. (Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy)

Mitochondria

  • Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell.
  • They have inner and outer membranes.
  • Cristae are folds in the inner membrane.
  • The matrix is the space inside the inner membrane.
  • Mitochondria contain ribosomes and granules.
  • Contains mitochondrial DNA.

Sites of Cellular Respiration

  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
  • The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
  • The electron transport chain occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • Key enzymes are involved in each step, including glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and The Electron Transport Chain.

Key Components

  • Cellular respiration takes place in cytoplasm and mitochondria.
  • It produces ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
  • Requires glucose (carbohydrates) and oxygen (aerobic respiration).
  • Products are ATP (energy), carbon dioxide, and water.
  • ATP is made of adenosine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

Glucose Projections

  • Glucose has different representations like Fischer and Haworth projections, as well as ball-and-stick models.
  • Chemical formulas represent the glucose molecule.

Types of Cellular Respiration

  • Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen, occurs in eukaryotic cells in mitochondria, generates a large number of ATP (36-38 ATP). Two main phases: Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.

  • Anaerobic Respiration: Does not require oxygen, produces less energy (2 ATP), results in fermentation.

Anaerobic Respiration Equation

  • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+. Occurs in muscle cells during intense exercise,
  • Alcoholic Fermentation: Pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO₂ + NAD+. Used by yeast and some microorganisms. Key Applications: bread-making, alcohol production.

Types of Fermentation

  • Alcoholic Fermentation: Pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO₂ + NAD+ . Used for bread-making and alcohol production.

  • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+. Occurs in muscles during intense exercise. Creates muscle soreness and burning sensation).

Lactic Acid Fermentation, exercise, Effects

  • Lack of oxygen during intense exercise causes muscles to rely on lactic acid fermentation.
  • During strenuous exercise, muscles can use up oxygen faster than it is supplied, limiting ATP production through aerobic respiration.
  • Lactic acid builds up, leading to a burning sensation
  • After exercise, the body returns to aerobic respiration, and lactic acid is cleared

Cori's Cycle

  • Lactate produced via glycolysis in muscle is transported to the liver and kidney where it's converted back into glucose.

Applications in Food Production

  • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Important in cheese and yogurt production, pickling processes, buttermilk, and sour cream.

Fermentation in Food Production

  • Lactobacillus bacteria play a key role in lactic acid fermentation, are used in dairy products, and kimchi.

Stages of Cellular Respiration

  • Glycolysis: Occurs in cytoplasm, splits glucose into pyruvate, produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
  • Krebs Cycle: Occurs in mitochondria, produces CO₂, ATP, NADH, and FADH₂.
  • Electron Transport Chain: Occurs in mitochondrial membrane, produces most ATP (up to 36 molecules).

Glycolysis: Detailed steps

  • Detailed steps involved in glycolysis, including phosphorylation, isomerization, splitting, oxidation, and ATP production.
  • Various enzymes are part of the glycolysis metabolic pathway. (Examples given)

Oxidative Phosphorylation

  • The final stage of cellular respiration.
  • Consists of electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
  • Complexes I, II, III, and IV in the electron transport chain pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane.
  • The hydrogen ions flow back through ATP synthase, generating ATP via chemiosmosis.

Electron Transport Chain, Chemisosmis

  • Components, function of each major step in the electron transport chain.
  • Hydrogen ion gradient drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase. (detailed diagrams show the process).

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Cellular Respiration PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on cellular respiration processes, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. This quiz will also cover the role of mitochondria and their structures in energy production.

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