Cellular Respiration Overview
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Questions and Answers

What process uses the flow of H+ ions to drive the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP?

  • Oxidative phosphorylation (correct)
  • Citric acid cycle
  • Glycolysis
  • Substrate-level phosphorylation

Which of the following correctly identifies the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

  • It initiates glycolysis.
  • It is the primary ATP synthase catalyst.
  • It acts as the final electron acceptor. (correct)
  • It serves as a proton donor.

What is the primary output of oxidative phosphorylation?

  • ATP (correct)
  • FADH2
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide

How much energy from glucose is typically conserved as ATP during cellular respiration?

<p>40% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism involves the movement of protons across a selectively permeable membrane?

<p>Chemiosmosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which specific stages of cellular respiration is substrate-level phosphorylation primarily observed?

<p>Citric acid cycle and glycolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cellular respiration?

<p>Generating ATP by oxidizing organic fuels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generated as a result of electron transfer in the electron transport chain?

<p>H+ gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which compartment of the mitochondria does the electron transport chain primarily occur?

<p>Cristae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is broken down during glycolysis?

<p>Glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the citric acid cycle?

<p>ATP, CO2, NADH, and FADH2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the generation of ATP through the electron transport chain?

<p>ATP is generated indirectly through a proton gradient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of ATP molecules typically produced from a single glucose molecule through cellular respiration?

<p>38 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration?

<p>It functions as a co-enzyme that accepts electrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotic cells?

<p>In the cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must happen to pyruvate before it enters the citric acid cycle?

<p>It must be converted to acetyl CoA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process primarily accounts for the production of ATP during cellular respiration?

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

<p>It facilitates the transfer of electrons to generate a proton gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many molecules of ATP are produced from one cycle of glycolysis?

<p>2 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary products of the conversion of one molecule of glucose through glycolysis?

<p>2 NADH and 2 pyruvate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration is a process that cells use to break down food molecules to release energy (ATP) and create waste products.

What are the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration?

This process starts with glucose, a type of sugar, and uses oxygen. The products are carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.

What is glycolysis?

Glycolysis breaks down one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules.

What is the citric acid cycle?

The citric acid cycle, also called the Krebs cycle, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and completes the oxidation of glucose.

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What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of cellular respiration, happening in the mitochondria. It uses electron transport chains to generate ATP.

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How does the electron transport chain work?

Electron transport chains use a series of proteins to transfer electrons, releasing energy used to pump protons across a membrane.

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What is chemiosmosis?

Chemiosmosis is the process where protons flow back across the membrane, powering ATP synthesis.

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What are NADH and FADH2?

NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers that deliver electrons to the electron transport chain.

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What is ATP?

ATP is the main energy currency used by cells. It's a molecule that stores and releases energy during chemical reactions.

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What is ATP used for?

Cellular respiration generates ATP, which is then used to power various cellular processes like muscle contraction, protein synthesis, and active transport.

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Electron transport chain

A series of four protein complexes embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Each complex contains electron carriers that transfer electrons from one complex to the next.

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Oxygen's role in cellular respiration

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. It receives electrons at the end of the chain and combines with hydrogen ions to form water.

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Chemiosmosis

The process by which the energy stored in a proton gradient is used to generate ATP. This process is driven by the movement of protons (H+) across the mitochondrial inner membrane.

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ATP synthase

A protein complex that uses the flow of protons (H+) across the mitochondrial inner membrane to generate ATP.

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Substrate-level phosphorylation

The process of generating ATP directly from a substrate molecule, such as glucose, by transferring a phosphate group from the substrate to ADP.

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Oxidative phosphorylation

The process of generating ATP indirectly through the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. This process is responsible for the majority of ATP produced during cellular respiration.

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Intermembrane space

The space between the outer and inner membranes of mitochondria.

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Cristae

The inner membrane of mitochondria, which is folded into cristae.

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ATP

The major source of energy for the cell, used for various processes such as muscle contraction, protein synthesis, and nerve impulse transmission.

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Cellular respiration

The process that breaks down glucose to generate ATP and other byproducts.

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Study Notes

Cellular Respiration Overview

  • Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions converting nutrients' biochemical energy into ATP, releasing waste products.
  • While carbohydrates, fats, and proteins fuel the process, glucose is used to trace the pathway.
  • The overall reaction is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + heat).

Oxidation of Organic Fuels

  • Glucose is oxidized, and O2 is reduced during cellular respiration.
  • LEO the lion says GER (Loss of Electrons is Oxidation, Gain of Electrons is Reduction).
  • Glucose and other organic molecules break down in a series of steps.

Stages of Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Glycolysis

  • Breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules.
  • Occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
  • Involves 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
  • Yields 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules.

The Citric Acid Cycle

  • Completes the breakdown of glucose.
  • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
  • Consists of eight enzyme-catalyzed steps.
  • Produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 per two molecules of pyruvate.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

  • Account for most ATP synthesis.
  • Involves two parts: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
  • NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain.
  • The electron transport chain uses electron carriers (cytochromes) to pump H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
  • Chemiosmosis: H+ ions move back into the matrix through ATP synthase, driving ATP production.

ATP Production Accounting

  • Approximately 40% of glucose's energy is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration.
  • A maximum of 38 ATP is possible, but usually 36 or 38 ATP results per glucose molecule.

Additional Mechanisms

  • Substrate-level phosphorylation is a smaller amount of ATP formed during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by the direct addition of a free phosphate (from a substrate) to ADP.
  • Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost 90% of ATP generated by cellular respiration.
  • ATP is synthesized indirectly from the creation of a proton (H+) gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and the movement of protons back across it through ATP synthase.

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BISC 101 Cellular Respiration Notes PDF

Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts of cellular respiration, including metabolic reactions that convert nutrients into ATP and the waste products produced. Explore the key stages such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation while understanding the oxidation of organic fuels. Test your knowledge on the biochemical pathways that fuel cellular energy production.

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