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Questions and Answers
What process uses the flow of H+ ions to drive the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP?
What process uses the flow of H+ ions to drive the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP?
Which of the following correctly identifies the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Which of the following correctly identifies the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
What is the primary output of oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the primary output of oxidative phosphorylation?
How much energy from glucose is typically conserved as ATP during cellular respiration?
How much energy from glucose is typically conserved as ATP during cellular respiration?
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What mechanism involves the movement of protons across a selectively permeable membrane?
What mechanism involves the movement of protons across a selectively permeable membrane?
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During which specific stages of cellular respiration is substrate-level phosphorylation primarily observed?
During which specific stages of cellular respiration is substrate-level phosphorylation primarily observed?
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What is the primary function of cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of cellular respiration?
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What is generated as a result of electron transfer in the electron transport chain?
What is generated as a result of electron transfer in the electron transport chain?
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In which compartment of the mitochondria does the electron transport chain primarily occur?
In which compartment of the mitochondria does the electron transport chain primarily occur?
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Which molecule is broken down during glycolysis?
Which molecule is broken down during glycolysis?
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What is produced during the citric acid cycle?
What is produced during the citric acid cycle?
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Which statement best describes the generation of ATP through the electron transport chain?
Which statement best describes the generation of ATP through the electron transport chain?
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What is the maximum number of ATP molecules typically produced from a single glucose molecule through cellular respiration?
What is the maximum number of ATP molecules typically produced from a single glucose molecule through cellular respiration?
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What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration?
What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration?
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Where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotic cells?
Where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotic cells?
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What must happen to pyruvate before it enters the citric acid cycle?
What must happen to pyruvate before it enters the citric acid cycle?
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Which process primarily accounts for the production of ATP during cellular respiration?
Which process primarily accounts for the production of ATP during cellular respiration?
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What is the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
What is the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
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How many molecules of ATP are produced from one cycle of glycolysis?
How many molecules of ATP are produced from one cycle of glycolysis?
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What are the primary products of the conversion of one molecule of glucose through glycolysis?
What are the primary products of the conversion of one molecule of glucose through glycolysis?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration Overview
- Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions converting nutrients' biochemical energy into ATP, releasing waste products.
- While carbohydrates, fats, and proteins fuel the process, glucose is used to trace the pathway.
- The overall reaction is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + heat).
Oxidation of Organic Fuels
- Glucose is oxidized, and O2 is reduced during cellular respiration.
- LEO the lion says GER (Loss of Electrons is Oxidation, Gain of Electrons is Reduction).
- Glucose and other organic molecules break down in a series of steps.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycolysis
- Breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules.
- Occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
- Involves 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
- Yields 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules.
The Citric Acid Cycle
- Completes the breakdown of glucose.
- Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
- Consists of eight enzyme-catalyzed steps.
- Produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 per two molecules of pyruvate.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Account for most ATP synthesis.
- Involves two parts: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
- NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain.
- The electron transport chain uses electron carriers (cytochromes) to pump H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
- Chemiosmosis: H+ ions move back into the matrix through ATP synthase, driving ATP production.
ATP Production Accounting
- Approximately 40% of glucose's energy is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration.
- A maximum of 38 ATP is possible, but usually 36 or 38 ATP results per glucose molecule.
Additional Mechanisms
- Substrate-level phosphorylation is a smaller amount of ATP formed during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by the direct addition of a free phosphate (from a substrate) to ADP.
- Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost 90% of ATP generated by cellular respiration.
- ATP is synthesized indirectly from the creation of a proton (H+) gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane and the movement of protons back across it through ATP synthase.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of cellular respiration, including metabolic reactions that convert nutrients into ATP and the waste products produced. Explore the key stages such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation while understanding the oxidation of organic fuels. Test your knowledge on the biochemical pathways that fuel cellular energy production.
