Cellular Respiration Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of cellular respiration?

A series of biochemical reactions in cells that involve the breakdown and oxidation of organic molecules, primarily sugars, to release energy.

What are the two main types of cellular respiration?

  • Cellular and Mitochondrial
  • Aerobic and Anaerobic (correct)
  • Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
  • Photosynthesis and Respiration

    • What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

    Living organisms require energy for movement, maintaining constant body temperature, anabolic processes, and active transport.

    Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that converts glucose into pyruvate?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does glycolysis take place?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The link reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electron transport chain occurs in the outer mitochondrial membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of glycolysis?

    <p>2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule assists in the process of moving acetyl-CoA into the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Coenzyme A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

    <p>6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 4 CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

    <p>They carry high-energy electrons and H+ ions to the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of the electron transport chain?

    <p>Produce ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that uses the proton gradient to generate ATP?

    <p>Chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electron transport chain is a series of redox reactions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two shuttle systems that transport energy from NADH across the mitochondrial membrane?

    <p>Malate-aspartate and Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The malate-aspartate shuttle produces a net gain of 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle produces a net gain of 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anaerobic respiration can produce more ATP than aerobic respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of anaerobic respiration?

    <p>It allows glycolysis to occur even in the absence of oxygen, regenerating NAD+ for further glycolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alcoholic fermentation occurs in some fungi, bacteria, and earthworms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main product of lactic acid fermentation?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactic acid fermentation is a process that requires oxygen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of anaerobic respiration?

    <p>It regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are other sources of energy besides glucose?

    <p>Lipids and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids can be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty acids undergo β-oxidation, a process that breaks them down into 3-carbon fragments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each β-oxidation cycle produces one ATP, one NADH, and one FADH2.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the electron transport chain?

    <p>To generate a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chemiosmosis work?

    <p>It utilizes the movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase to generate ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total ATP produced per glucose molecule in aerobic respiration is always 38.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the malate-aspartate shuttle and the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of inhibitors in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Inhibitors can bind to components of the electron transport chain, blocking electron transfer and stopping proton pumping and ATP synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rotenone, barbiturate, antimycin A, and HCN are examples of inhibitors of the electron transport chain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Respiration

    • Cellular respiration is a series of biochemical reactions in cells. It involves the breakdown and oxidation of organic molecules (primarily sugars) to release energy.
    • A portion of the energy is released as heat.
    • The remaining energy is stored as chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
    • Living organisms need energy for various processes, including movement, maintaining body temperature, anabolic processes, and active transport.

    Objectives

    • Two main types of cellular respiration are aerobic and anaerobic.
    • Key processes involved in cellular respiration include glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.
    • Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes are different types of organisms based on their oxygen requirements.
    • Alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation are two examples of anaerobic respiration.
    • Other energy sources are also discussed briefly.

    Types of Cellular Respiration

    • Aerobic Cellular Respiration: Food is completely oxidized using oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water.
    • Anaerobic Cellular Respiration: Food is oxidized without oxygen, producing products like ethanol or lactic acid. This occurs in yeast and bacteria, for example.

    Processes Involved in Cellular Respiration

    • Redox Reactions:

      • Oxidation: Removal of hydrogen (loss of electrons), transferring the hydrogen to another compound.
      • Reduction: Addition of hydrogen (gain of electrons).
      • Phosphorylation: Adding a phosphate group to another compound.

    • Substrate-level Phosphorylation: Transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate to ADP, forming ATP.

    • Isomerization: Conversion of a molecule to its isomer, which has the same formula but different arrangements of atoms. The main purpose is to produce ATP for energy.

    Stages in Aerobic Cellular Respiration

    • Glycolysis: Occurs in the cytoplasm; glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.
    • Link Reaction: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; each pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, releasing carbon dioxide and producing NADH.
    • Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; acetyl CoA enters a cycle of reactions, producing ATP, NADH, FADH2, and releasing carbon dioxide.
    • Electron Transport Chain: Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane; electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed down a chain of proteins, releasing energy that is used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane.
    • Chemiosmosis: Protons (H+) flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase, driving the synthesis of ATP.

    Krebs Cycle

    • Coenzyme A assists the acetyl (2C) molecule to enter the Krebs Cycle.
    • Occurs only in the presence of oxygen.
    • Forms NADH and FADH2.
    • Key steps include condensation, isomerization, oxidative decarboxylation, oxidative, substrate-level phosphorylation.

    Electron Transport Chain

    • Involves oxidation and reduction processes.
    • Transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2.
    • Plays a significant role in ATP production.
    • Three proton pumps and two mobile carriers facilitate electron flow.
    • The electrochemical gradient drives ATP synthesis.

    Importance of Anaerobic Respiration

    • Regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis, a necessary step for continued energy production from glucose.

    Types of Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

    • Alcoholic Fermentation: Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide, regenerating NAD+. This process occurs in yeast and some bacteria.
    • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Pyruvate is converted into lactate, regenerating NAD+. This process occurs in some animal muscle cells during strenuous activity.

    Other Energy Sources

    • Fats—Fatty acids and glycerol are broken down to generate ATP.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of cellular respiration, including its biochemical reactions, energy release, and the distinction between aerobic and anaerobic processes. You'll learn about key processes such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, alongside the types of organisms involved in these processes. Test your understanding of how living organisms generate and utilize energy.

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