Cellular Respiration Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of cellular respiration?

A series of biochemical reactions in cells that involve the breakdown and oxidation of organic molecules, primarily sugars, to release energy.

What are the two main types of cellular respiration?

  • Cellular and Mitochondrial
  • Aerobic and Anaerobic (correct)
  • Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
  • Photosynthesis and Respiration

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

Living organisms require energy for movement, maintaining constant body temperature, anabolic processes, and active transport.

Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process that converts glucose into pyruvate?

<p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis take place?

<p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

The link reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The electron transport chain occurs in the outer mitochondrial membrane.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of glycolysis?

<p>2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule assists in the process of moving acetyl-CoA into the Krebs cycle?

<p>Coenzyme A</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

<p>6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 4 CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

<p>They carry high-energy electrons and H+ ions to the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of the electron transport chain?

<p>Produce ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process that uses the proton gradient to generate ATP?

<p>Chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

<p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

The electron transport chain is a series of redox reactions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two shuttle systems that transport energy from NADH across the mitochondrial membrane?

<p>Malate-aspartate and Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The malate-aspartate shuttle produces a net gain of 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle produces a net gain of 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anaerobic respiration can produce more ATP than aerobic respiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of anaerobic respiration?

<p>It allows glycolysis to occur even in the absence of oxygen, regenerating NAD+ for further glycolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of anaerobic respiration?

<p>Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alcoholic fermentation occurs in some fungi, bacteria, and earthworms.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main product of lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lactic acid fermentation is a process that requires oxygen.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of anaerobic respiration?

<p>It regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are other sources of energy besides glucose?

<p>Lipids and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipids can be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fatty acids undergo β-oxidation, a process that breaks them down into 3-carbon fragments.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each β-oxidation cycle produces one ATP, one NADH, and one FADH2.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the electron transport chain?

<p>To generate a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does chemiosmosis work?

<p>It utilizes the movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase to generate ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total ATP produced per glucose molecule in aerobic respiration is always 38.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the malate-aspartate shuttle and the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of inhibitors in the electron transport chain?

<p>Inhibitors can bind to components of the electron transport chain, blocking electron transfer and stopping proton pumping and ATP synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rotenone, barbiturate, antimycin A, and HCN are examples of inhibitors of the electron transport chain.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

The breakdown of glucose (C6H12O6) in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and energy in the form of ATP.

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

The breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen, producing a smaller amount of energy and byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol.

Glycolysis

The first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm of the cell, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate.

Link Reaction

A series of reactions that occur in the mitochondrial matrix, transferring a 2-carbon molecule from pyruvate to a coenzyme called Coenzyme A.

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Krebs Cycle

A series of reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that oxidizes acetyl-CoA (2-carbon molecule) to produce ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.

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Electron Transport Chain

The final stage of cellular respiration in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along a chain of molecules, generating a proton gradient used to produce ATP by ATP synthase.

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Chemiosmosis

The process of ATP production using the energy from the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain.

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Substrate-level Phosphorylation

The transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate to ADP, forming ATP. This process occurs in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

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Isomerization

The conversion of a compound to its isomer, which has the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms. This occurs in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

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Redox Reaction

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons from a reducing agent to an oxidizing agent, releasing energy. This is a key process in cellular respiration.

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Oxidation

The removal of hydrogen atoms or electrons from a molecule, releasing energy.

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Reduction

The addition of hydrogen atoms or electrons to a molecule, gaining energy.

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Phosphorylation

The addition of a phosphate group (PO4) to a molecule. This process is important for energy storage and transfer.

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NADH

A molecule that carries and transfers high-energy electrons and protons in cellular respiration. It is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, the link reaction, and the Krebs cycle.

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FADH2

A molecule that carries and transfers high-energy electrons and protons in cellular respiration. It is reduced to FADH2 during the Krebs cycle.

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ATP

A molecule that provides a source of energy for the cell and is crucial for many cellular processes.

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ATP Synthase

An enzyme that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, using the energy from the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain.

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Alcoholic Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in yeast and bacteria, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as waste products.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in animal muscle cells when oxygen is limited, producing lactic acid as a waste product.

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Facultative Anaerobes

Organisms that can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen and can switch between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

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Obligate Anaerobes

Organisms that can only survive in the absence of oxygen and rely solely on anaerobic respiration for energy production.

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Fat Breakdown

The process of breaking down fats into fatty acids and glycerol, which can then be used for energy production.

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Beta-Oxidation

A process that breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle for energy production.

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Protein Breakdown

The process of breaking down proteins into amino acids, which can be used for energy production.

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Gluconeogenesis

The process of converting amino acids into glucose, which can then be used for energy production.

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A high-energy molecule that stores chemical energy and is used to fuel metabolic processes.

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Electrochemical Proton Gradient

The potential energy stored in the concentration difference of protons (H+) across a membrane, often used to drive ATP production.

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Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

A shuttle system used to transport electrons and energy from NADH in the cytoplasm into the mitochondria. This system results in the production of 38 ATP per glucose.

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Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle

A shuttle system used to transport electrons and energy from NADH in the cytoplasm into the mitochondria. This system results in the production of 36 ATP per glucose.

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Study Notes

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration is a series of biochemical reactions in cells. It involves the breakdown and oxidation of organic molecules (primarily sugars) to release energy.
  • A portion of the energy is released as heat.
  • The remaining energy is stored as chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
  • Living organisms need energy for various processes, including movement, maintaining body temperature, anabolic processes, and active transport.

Objectives

  • Two main types of cellular respiration are aerobic and anaerobic.
  • Key processes involved in cellular respiration include glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis.
  • Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes are different types of organisms based on their oxygen requirements.
  • Alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation are two examples of anaerobic respiration.
  • Other energy sources are also discussed briefly.

Types of Cellular Respiration

  • Aerobic Cellular Respiration: Food is completely oxidized using oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water.
  • Anaerobic Cellular Respiration: Food is oxidized without oxygen, producing products like ethanol or lactic acid. This occurs in yeast and bacteria, for example.

Processes Involved in Cellular Respiration

  • Redox Reactions:

    • Oxidation: Removal of hydrogen (loss of electrons), transferring the hydrogen to another compound.
    • Reduction: Addition of hydrogen (gain of electrons).
    • Phosphorylation: Adding a phosphate group to another compound.

  • Substrate-level Phosphorylation: Transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate to ADP, forming ATP.

  • Isomerization: Conversion of a molecule to its isomer, which has the same formula but different arrangements of atoms. The main purpose is to produce ATP for energy.

Stages in Aerobic Cellular Respiration

  • Glycolysis: Occurs in the cytoplasm; glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.
  • Link Reaction: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; each pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, releasing carbon dioxide and producing NADH.
  • Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; acetyl CoA enters a cycle of reactions, producing ATP, NADH, FADH2, and releasing carbon dioxide.
  • Electron Transport Chain: Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane; electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed down a chain of proteins, releasing energy that is used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane.
  • Chemiosmosis: Protons (H+) flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase, driving the synthesis of ATP.

Krebs Cycle

  • Coenzyme A assists the acetyl (2C) molecule to enter the Krebs Cycle.
  • Occurs only in the presence of oxygen.
  • Forms NADH and FADH2.
  • Key steps include condensation, isomerization, oxidative decarboxylation, oxidative, substrate-level phosphorylation.

Electron Transport Chain

  • Involves oxidation and reduction processes.
  • Transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2.
  • Plays a significant role in ATP production.
  • Three proton pumps and two mobile carriers facilitate electron flow.
  • The electrochemical gradient drives ATP synthesis.

Importance of Anaerobic Respiration

  • Regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis, a necessary step for continued energy production from glucose.

Types of Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

  • Alcoholic Fermentation: Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide, regenerating NAD+. This process occurs in yeast and some bacteria.
  • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Pyruvate is converted into lactate, regenerating NAD+. This process occurs in some animal muscle cells during strenuous activity.

Other Energy Sources

  • Fats—Fatty acids and glycerol are broken down to generate ATP.

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Cellular Respiration PDF

Description

This quiz covers the essential aspects of cellular respiration, including its biochemical reactions, energy release, and the distinction between aerobic and anaerobic processes. You'll learn about key processes such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, alongside the types of organisms involved in these processes. Test your understanding of how living organisms generate and utilize energy.

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