Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary product of glycolysis?
What is the primary product of glycolysis?
What is the waste product produced during the citric acid cycle?
What is the waste product produced during the citric acid cycle?
Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen?
Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen?
Which stage of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria?
Which stage of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does O2 play in the electron transport chain?
What role does O2 play in the electron transport chain?
Signup and view all the answers
How many ATP are produced in total from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration?
How many ATP are produced in total from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of fermentation in cells?
What is the main purpose of fermentation in cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of fermentation occurs in muscle cells during intense exercise?
Which type of fermentation occurs in muscle cells during intense exercise?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
During the light-dependent reactions, what is produced when water is split?
During the light-dependent reactions, what is produced when water is split?
Signup and view all the answers
In which part of the chloroplast do the light-independent reactions occur?
In which part of the chloroplast do the light-independent reactions occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the output of the light-independent reactions?
What is the output of the light-independent reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration?
What distinguishes aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
In which part of the chloroplast do the light dependent reactions occur?
In which part of the chloroplast do the light dependent reactions occur?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about glycolysis is accurate?
Which of the following statements about glycolysis is accurate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cellular respiration process occurs in all living cells?
Which cellular respiration process occurs in all living cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a major product of the light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)?
What is a major product of the light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the main products of aerobic respiration?
What are the main products of aerobic respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
How do light dependent reactions and light independent reactions interact during photosynthesis?
How do light dependent reactions and light independent reactions interact during photosynthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of respiration requires oxygen to produce ATP?
Which type of respiration requires oxygen to produce ATP?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process occurs when oxygen is not available during cellular respiration?
Which process occurs when oxygen is not available during cellular respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
What is produced during anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?
What is produced during anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the energy stored in ATP when it is converted to ADP?
What happens to the energy stored in ATP when it is converted to ADP?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis: The process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Can happen with or without oxygen (anaerobic). Requires glucose and 2 ATP. Produces 4 ATP (net gain of 2), 2 pyruvate molecules, and NADH.
Citric Acid Cycle
- What: Breaks down pyruvate to capture energy stored in its bonds. Produces CO2 as a waste product. Happens twice for each glucose molecule, once for each pyruvate.
- Where: Occurs in the stroma of the mitochondria.
- When: Requires oxygen (aerobic).
- Needs: Pyruvate.
- Makes: 2 ATP, 3 CO2 molecules, NADH, and FADH2 per cycle. For each glucose molecule, the final totals are 4 ATP and 6 CO2 molecules.
Electron Transport Chain
- What: Transports electrons through the mitochondria to capture energy for ATP production. The movement of electrons across the membrane creates a concentration gradient of H+. Oxygen accepts the final electrons, converting to water. The H+ ions flow down their concentration gradient through ATP Synthase, producing ATP.
- Where: Occurs on the cristae or inner membrane of the mitochondria.
- When: Requires oxygen (aerobic).
- Needs: Oxygen to accept the final electrons, NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
- Makes: 32 ATP and water.
Cellular Respiration Overall Equation
- C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2 → CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP
Fermentation
- Allows cells to continue glycolysis when oxygen is not present by regenerating NAD+.
-
Two types:
- Alcoholic Fermentation: Produces alcohol and carbon dioxide gas. Used in making bread, wine, beer, and kombucha.
- Lactic Acid Fermentation: Produces lactic acid and carbon dioxide gas. Used in making cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, and kimchi. Occurs in muscle cells during strenuous workouts. Lactic acid build-up can cause muscle soreness.
Photosynthesis
- The process by which plants and algae make food from sunlight energy and carbon dioxide.
- Divided into two main parts: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle/Dark Reactions).
Light Dependent Reactions
- What: Light hits chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Chlorophyll captures light energy to split water into oxygen, hydrogen ions (H+), and electrons. Electrons move through the membrane producing electrical energy that powers the movement of H+ ions across the thylakoid membrane, creating a concentration gradient. H+ ions move down their concentration gradient through ATP Synthase, producing ATP.
- Where: Occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts within leaf cells.
- When: Requires light.
- Needs: Sunlight and water.
- Makes: Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.
Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle/Dark Reactions)
- What: ATP produced in the light-dependent reactions is used to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into glucose.
- Where: Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
- When: Can occur in the dark
- Needs: ATP from light-dependent reactions and CO2.
- Makes: Glucose (C6H12O6).
Photosynthesis Overall Equation
- 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
- The process of cells breaking down food (glucose) into energy (ATP).
- All living things perform at least some part of cellular respiration. Prokaryotes only perform glycolysis. Eukaryotes (cells with mitochondria) can perform all steps of cellular respiration.
Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Respiration
- Aerobic: Requires oxygen. Can be performed by eukaryotes (plants and animals) with mitochondria. Includes the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain. Yields more energy than anaerobic respiration.
- Anaerobic: Does not require oxygen. Can be performed by all cells. Includes glycolysis and fermentation.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- The cell's energy molecule.
- Composed of adenosine bonded to three phosphate groups.
- The bond between the last two phosphate groups stores the most energy.
- Breaking this bond releases energy (ATP becomes ADP + P).
- Forming this bond stores energy (ADP + P becomes ATP).
Energy Overview
- Energy exists in various forms, including: thermal, radiant, kinetic/mechanical, electrical, chemical, and more.
-
Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred and transformed.
- Example: In photosynthesis, light energy is transformed into electrical energy in the chloroplasts, then into chemical energy in the form of ATP and glucose.
Pigments
- Chemicals that can absorb light and capture its energy.
- Chlorophyll: The primary pigment in plants. Found in chloroplasts. Absorbs all wavelengths of light except green. Green is reflected back, making leaves appear green.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the key processes of cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Understand how glucose is transformed into ATP and the role of oxygen in these metabolic pathways.
