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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of fermentation in cells?

  • To convert pyruvic acid to glucose
  • To regenerate NAD+ and produce ATP (correct)
  • To complete the Krebs cycle
  • To produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol

Which type of fermentation does NOT produce carbon dioxide?

  • Lactic acid fermentation (correct)
  • Aerobic respiration
  • Alcoholic fermentation
  • Anaerobic respiration

What are the two types of fermentation mentioned?

  • Glycolysis and Krebs cycle
  • NADH and NAD+ fermentation
  • Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation
  • Alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation (correct)

During lactic acid fermentation, which byproduct is produced?

<p>Lactic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long can lactic acid fermentation effectively supply ATP for high-intensity activity?

<p>30 to 40 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do certain bacteria play in the food industry regarding fermentation?

<p>They help create lactic acid products like cheese and yogurt. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stored energy source does the body rely on for around 15 to 20 minutes of activity?

<p>Glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of continuous lactic acid production during intense exercise?

<p>Lactic acid buildup in muscles and bloodstream (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NADH in the presence of oxygen?

<p>NADH generates ATP using the electrons it carries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is oxygen considered the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

<p>It combines with electrons to form water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is used by cells to produce ATP during the electron transport chain?

<p>Chemiosmosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are typically produced per molecule of glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain combined?

<p>36 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the intermembrane space during electron transport?

<p>Hydrogen ions accumulate, creating a charge difference. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the electron transport chain when oxygen is unavailable?

<p>It stops functioning due to lack of electron acceptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do ATP synthases play in the process of ATP production?

<p>They utilize the energy from H+ ions to produce ATP. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen?

<p>Lactic acid or alcohol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the caloric value of carbohydrates and proteins per gram?

<p>4000 calories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is considered anaerobic?

<p>Glycolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis occur within a cell?

<p>In the cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

<p>Oxygen is required for the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What alternative process occurs when oxygen is not present?

<p>Fermentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cellular respiration generates the majority of ATP?

<p>The Krebs cycle (C), Electron transport chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason Earth does not run out of oxygen despite cellular respiration?

<p>Photosynthesis consistently replenishes oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a calorie and a Calorie?

<p>A Calorie is a kilocalorie or 1000 calories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product of glycolysis?

<p>Pyruvic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major advantage of glycolysis?

<p>It can function without oxygen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compounds are initially formed in the Krebs cycle?

<p>Citric acid and acetyl-CoA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced from one complete turn of the Krebs cycle?

<p>1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What immediate role does ATP play after being produced in the Krebs cycle?

<p>It powers cellular activities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of coenzyme A in the Krebs cycle?

<p>To form acetyl-CoA from acetic acid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is released as a byproduct during the Krebs cycle?

<p>Carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the high-energy electrons during cellular respiration?

<p>They are transferred to electron carriers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Cellular Respiration

The process of releasing energy from glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

Calorie

A unit of energy that measures the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

Glycolysis

The first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm, that breaks down glucose into pyruvate.

Krebs Cycle

A series of chemical reactions that takes place in the mitochondria, producing energy carriers like NADH and FADH2.

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Electron Transport Chain

The final stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the mitochondria, which uses the energy carriers to produce ATP.

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Fermentation

A process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, allowing cells to continue generating ATP through glycolysis.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.

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Aerobic Respiration

Pathways of cellular respiration that require oxygen to function, such as the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.

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Pyruvic acid

A 3-carbon compound produced during glycolysis.

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Mitochondrial matrix

The innermost compartment of the mitochondrion where the Krebs cycle takes place.

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Acetyl-CoA

A 2-carbon molecule formed during the Krebs cycle.

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Citric acid

The first compound formed in the Krebs cycle, a 6-carbon molecule.

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NAD+

A molecule that accepts high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion during cellular respiration.

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Anaerobic

A process that does not require oxygen.

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Alcoholic Fermentation

A type of fermentation that produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Used in making beer, wine, and bread.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of fermentation that produces lactic acid. It doesn't release carbon dioxide, but still regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis.

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Why swimmers can sprint without breathing

When your body uses glucose for energy during short bursts of intense activity, it relies on lactic acid fermentation to replenish ATP quickly.

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Energy storage in muscles

Energy is stored in muscle cells as a carbohydrate called glycogen. These stores can sustain activity for about 15-20 minutes.

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Fats as energy source

After 15-20 minutes of exercise, your body starts breaking down fats for energy. This is why aerobic exercise is good for weight loss.

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Oxygen's Role in Electron Transport

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, crucial for aerobic respiration. It combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form water.

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Proton Gradient Formation

The process by which hydrogen ions (H+) accumulate in the intermembrane space of mitochondria during electron transport, creating a charge difference across the membrane.

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ATP Synthase

The enzyme that uses the energy from the proton gradient (H+) to generate ATP, spinning like a turbine. Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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Chemiosmosis

The mechanism used by cells to generate ATP using the energy stored in a proton gradient. H+ ions flow through ATP synthase like water through a turbine.

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ATP Yield from Respiration

The total number of ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule through cellular respiration, combining the energy yields of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

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Study Notes

Cellular Respiration: An Overview

  • A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
  • Food labels use kilocalories (1000 calories).
  • Carbohydrates and proteins contain approximately 4000 calories per gram.
  • Fats contain approximately 9000 calories per gram.
  • If oxygen is present, organisms produce energy from food via cellular respiration.
  • Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and other food molecules using oxygen.

Cellular Respiration Equation (Symbols)

  • 6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy

Cellular Respiration Equation (Words)

  • Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Stages of Cellular Respiration

  • Glycolysis
  • Krebs Cycle
  • Electron transport chain

Glycolysis

  • Occurs in the cytoplasm.
  • Breaks down glucose (a 6-carbon molecule) into two 3-carbon molecules (pyruvic acid).
  • Produces a small amount of ATP (energy).
  • Does not require oxygen.

Krebs Cycle

  • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
  • Breaks down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide.
  • Produces ATP, NADH, and FADH₂ (electron carriers).

Electron Transport Chain

  • Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • Uses high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to produce a large amount of ATP.
  • Requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor to form water.

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide and water, whereas photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen.
  • Photosynthesis uses the energy from sunlight, whereas cellular respiration releases energy from food.
  • These two processes are intertwined, balancing oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.

Fermentation

  • A process that occurs when oxygen is not available.
  • Enables cells to continue producing ATP anaerobically.
  • Two main types: alcoholic fermentation (e.g., yeast) and lactic acid fermentation (e.g., muscles).
  • Produces less ATP than cellular respiration.

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