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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of fermentation in cells?

To convert pyruvic acid to glucose

To regenerate NAD+ and produce ATP (correct)

To complete the Krebs cycle

To produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol

Which type of fermentation does NOT produce carbon dioxide?

Lactic acid fermentation (correct)

Aerobic respiration

Alcoholic fermentation

Anaerobic respiration

What are the two types of fermentation mentioned?

Glycolysis and Krebs cycle

NADH and NAD+ fermentation

Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation

Alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation (correct)

During lactic acid fermentation, which byproduct is produced?

Lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

How long can lactic acid fermentation effectively supply ATP for high-intensity activity?

30 to 40 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What role do certain bacteria play in the food industry regarding fermentation?

They help create lactic acid products like cheese and yogurt. Signup and view all the answers

What stored energy source does the body rely on for around 15 to 20 minutes of activity?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of continuous lactic acid production during intense exercise?

Lactic acid buildup in muscles and bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NADH in the presence of oxygen?

NADH generates ATP using the electrons it carries. Signup and view all the answers

Why is oxygen considered the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

It combines with electrons to form water. Signup and view all the answers

What process is used by cells to produce ATP during the electron transport chain?

Chemiosmosis Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are typically produced per molecule of glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain combined?

36 Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the intermembrane space during electron transport?

Hydrogen ions accumulate, creating a charge difference. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the electron transport chain when oxygen is unavailable?

It stops functioning due to lack of electron acceptors. Signup and view all the answers

What role do ATP synthases play in the process of ATP production?

They utilize the energy from H+ ions to produce ATP. Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen?

Lactic acid or alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What is the caloric value of carbohydrates and proteins per gram?

4000 calories Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is considered anaerobic?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis occur within a cell?

In the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Oxygen is required for the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

What alternative process occurs when oxygen is not present?

Fermentation Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cellular respiration generates the majority of ATP?

The Krebs cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason Earth does not run out of oxygen despite cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis consistently replenishes oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a calorie and a Calorie?

A Calorie is a kilocalorie or 1000 calories Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product of glycolysis?

Pyruvic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is one major advantage of glycolysis?

It can function without oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What compounds are initially formed in the Krebs cycle?

Citric acid and acetyl-CoA Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced from one complete turn of the Krebs cycle?

1 Signup and view all the answers

What immediate role does ATP play after being produced in the Krebs cycle?

It powers cellular activities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of coenzyme A in the Krebs cycle?

To form acetyl-CoA from acetic acid. Signup and view all the answers

What is released as a byproduct during the Krebs cycle?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the high-energy electrons during cellular respiration?

They are transferred to electron carriers. Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Respiration: An Overview

A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
Food labels use kilocalories (1000 calories).
Carbohydrates and proteins contain approximately 4000 calories per gram.
Fats contain approximately 9000 calories per gram.
If oxygen is present, organisms produce energy from food via cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and other food molecules using oxygen.

Cellular Respiration Equation (Symbols)

6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy

Cellular Respiration Equation (Words)

Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Stages of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron transport chain

Glycolysis

Occurs in the cytoplasm.
Breaks down glucose (a 6-carbon molecule) into two 3-carbon molecules (pyruvic acid).
Produces a small amount of ATP (energy).
Does not require oxygen.

Krebs Cycle

Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
Breaks down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide.
Produces ATP, NADH, and FADH₂ (electron carriers).

Electron Transport Chain

Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Uses high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to produce a large amount of ATP.
Requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor to form water.

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide and water, whereas photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen.
Photosynthesis uses the energy from sunlight, whereas cellular respiration releases energy from food.
These two processes are intertwined, balancing oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.

Fermentation

A process that occurs when oxygen is not available.
Enables cells to continue producing ATP anaerobically.
Two main types: alcoholic fermentation (e.g., yeast) and lactic acid fermentation (e.g., muscles).
Produces less ATP than cellular respiration.

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