Podcast
Questions and Answers
What completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules?
What completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules?
the citric acid cycle
What does Glycolysis produce?
What does Glycolysis produce?
2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 H2O, and 2 NADH + 2 H+
What may enter the mitochondria for respiration?
What may enter the mitochondria for respiration?
pyruvate and NADH
What consists of an intermembrane space between the two membranes to house H+?
What consists of an intermembrane space between the two membranes to house H+?
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What is housed that has been pumped across the inner membrane during the redox reactions of the electron transport chain?
What is housed that has been pumped across the inner membrane during the redox reactions of the electron transport chain?
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What is a chemiosmotic mechanism in which a proton motive force drives protons through ATP synthases located in the membrane?
What is a chemiosmotic mechanism in which a proton motive force drives protons through ATP synthases located in the membrane?
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What are oxidation-reduction reactions?
What are oxidation-reduction reactions?
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What reactions involve the partial or complete transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another?
What reactions involve the partial or complete transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another?
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What is the loss of electrons from one substance?
What is the loss of electrons from one substance?
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What is the addition of electrons to another substance?
What is the addition of electrons to another substance?
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What is a synonym for an electron donor?
What is a synonym for an electron donor?
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The substance that loses electrons becomes oxidized and acts as a what to the substance that gains electrons?
The substance that loses electrons becomes oxidized and acts as a what to the substance that gains electrons?
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By gaining electrons, a substance acts as a what and becomes reduced?
By gaining electrons, a substance acts as a what and becomes reduced?
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What is a synonym for an electron acceptor?
What is a synonym for an electron acceptor?
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Chemical energy is released in a redox reaction that relocates electrons closer to what?
Chemical energy is released in a redox reaction that relocates electrons closer to what?
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What are removed by enzymes called dehydrogenases during the oxidation of glucose?
What are removed by enzymes called dehydrogenases during the oxidation of glucose?
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The two electrons and one proton are passed to what coenzyme, reducing it to NADH?
The two electrons and one proton are passed to what coenzyme, reducing it to NADH?
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Energy from respiration is slowly released in a series of small steps as electrons are passed from NADH down what?
Energy from respiration is slowly released in a series of small steps as electrons are passed from NADH down what?
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What is located in the mitochondrial matrix?
What is located in the mitochondrial matrix?
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The citric acid cycle converts a derivative of what into what?
The citric acid cycle converts a derivative of what into what?
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What enzymes transfer electrons to NAD+?
What enzymes transfer electrons to NAD+?
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What passes electrons to the electron transport chain?
What passes electrons to the electron transport chain?
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The energy released through a chain of redox reactions is used to synthesize ATP by what?
The energy released through a chain of redox reactions is used to synthesize ATP by what?
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What are the phases of Glycolysis?
What are the phases of Glycolysis?
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What transfer phosphate groups?
What transfer phosphate groups?
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What oxidizes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?
What oxidizes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?
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What enzyme reduces NAD+?
What enzyme reduces NAD+?
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What is actively transported into the mitochondrion?
What is actively transported into the mitochondrion?
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The remaining two-carbon group is oxidized to form what with the accompanying reduction of what to what?
The remaining two-carbon group is oxidized to form what with the accompanying reduction of what to what?
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What does coenzyme A form when it's attached to the acetate by an unstable bond?
What does coenzyme A form when it's attached to the acetate by an unstable bond?
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During the citric acid cycle, citrate is progressively decomposed back to what?
During the citric acid cycle, citrate is progressively decomposed back to what?
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For each turn of the citric acid cycle, what enters in the reduced form from acetyl CoA?
For each turn of the citric acid cycle, what enters in the reduced form from acetyl CoA?
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During each turn of the citric acid cycle, how many NADH and how many FADH2 are formed?
During each turn of the citric acid cycle, how many NADH and how many FADH2 are formed?
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How many ATP are made by substrate-level phosphorylation?
How many ATP are made by substrate-level phosphorylation?
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There are how many turns of the citric acid cycle for each glucose molecule oxidized?
There are how many turns of the citric acid cycle for each glucose molecule oxidized?
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What enzyme phosphorylates glucose?
What enzyme phosphorylates glucose?
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What turns glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate?
What turns glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate?
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What bonds with Acetyl CoA to create a product?
What bonds with Acetyl CoA to create a product?
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Acetyl CoA creates what product?
Acetyl CoA creates what product?
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What is a chain of proteins that will accept NADH and FADH2?
What is a chain of proteins that will accept NADH and FADH2?
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Where do the protons come from on the electron transport chain?
Where do the protons come from on the electron transport chain?
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What are embedded in the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
What are embedded in the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
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Most components of the electron transport chain are proteins with what?
Most components of the electron transport chain are proteins with what?
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What are proteins with an iron-containing heme group?
What are proteins with an iron-containing heme group?
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After the transfer of electrons, electrons pass down a series of molecules called what?
After the transfer of electrons, electrons pass down a series of molecules called what?
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What passes electrons to oxygen?
What passes electrons to oxygen?
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What adds its electrons to the chain at a lower energy chain?
What adds its electrons to the chain at a lower energy chain?
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What is a protein complex embedded in the inner membrane?
What is a protein complex embedded in the inner membrane?
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What uses the energy of a proton (H+) gradient to make ATP?
What uses the energy of a proton (H+) gradient to make ATP?
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What creates the proton gradient?
What creates the proton gradient?
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What reactions produce the H+ gradient that drives the production of ATP in mitochondria?
What reactions produce the H+ gradient that drives the production of ATP in mitochondria?
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Prokaryotes use H+ gradients generated across their plasma membranes to what?
Prokaryotes use H+ gradients generated across their plasma membranes to what?
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Fermentation is the anaerobic catabolism of organic nutrients to generate ATP by what?
Fermentation is the anaerobic catabolism of organic nutrients to generate ATP by what?
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Both fermentation and respiration use what as the oxidizing agent to convert glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate?
Both fermentation and respiration use what as the oxidizing agent to convert glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate?
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To oxidize NADH back to NAD+, fermentation uses what as the final electron acceptor?
To oxidize NADH back to NAD+, fermentation uses what as the final electron acceptor?
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What anaerobes can make ATP by fermentation or respiration, depending upon the availability of oxygen?
What anaerobes can make ATP by fermentation or respiration, depending upon the availability of oxygen?
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What can all be used by cellular respiration to make ATP?
What can all be used by cellular respiration to make ATP?
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What are digested into amino acids, which then deaminated, and can enter into respiration at several sites?
What are digested into amino acids, which then deaminated, and can enter into respiration at several sites?
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What is yielded by the digestion of fats?
What is yielded by the digestion of fats?
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Fatty acids are broken down by what to acetyl CoA?
Fatty acids are broken down by what to acetyl CoA?
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What enzyme turns glucose 6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate?
What enzyme turns glucose 6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate?
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In the first reaction of glycolysis, glucose receives a phosphate group from ATP. This reaction is what?
In the first reaction of glycolysis, glucose receives a phosphate group from ATP. This reaction is what?
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The oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide is called what?
The oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide is called what?
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The carbon dioxide that animal cells breathe out is created by what process?
The carbon dioxide that animal cells breathe out is created by what process?
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A drug destroys the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. If you incubate the isolated mitochondria in a solution of the drug, what wouldn't be made during transport of electrons down the respiratory chain?
A drug destroys the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. If you incubate the isolated mitochondria in a solution of the drug, what wouldn't be made during transport of electrons down the respiratory chain?
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What process includes the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis?
What process includes the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis?
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What happens when electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom?
What happens when electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom?
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In cellular respiration, what becomes reduced?
In cellular respiration, what becomes reduced?
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What kind of substrate has increased reactivity and is primed to do work?
What kind of substrate has increased reactivity and is primed to do work?
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Oxidative phosphorylation produces how many ATP per NADH that's oxidized?
Oxidative phosphorylation produces how many ATP per NADH that's oxidized?
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What process is the energy source for facultative anaerobes under aerobic conditions?
What process is the energy source for facultative anaerobes under aerobic conditions?
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Q and cytochrome c are what?
Q and cytochrome c are what?
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What causes a multienzyme complex to remove a carboxyl group, transfer electrons to NAD+, and attach to a coenzyme?
What causes a multienzyme complex to remove a carboxyl group, transfer electrons to NAD+, and attach to a coenzyme?
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How many molecules of CO2 are generated for each molecule of acetyl CoA introduced into the citric acid cycle?
How many molecules of CO2 are generated for each molecule of acetyl CoA introduced into the citric acid cycle?
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From an energetic viewpoint, what do muscle cells in oxygen deprivation gain from the reduction of pyruvate?
From an energetic viewpoint, what do muscle cells in oxygen deprivation gain from the reduction of pyruvate?
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In alcoholic fermentation, how much alcohol is formed with each molecule of glucose?
In alcoholic fermentation, how much alcohol is formed with each molecule of glucose?
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What makes the most ATP per gram because they are highly reduced compounds?
What makes the most ATP per gram because they are highly reduced compounds?
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Fats and proteins can be converted to what of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle?
Fats and proteins can be converted to what of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle?
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Which enzyme would use NAD+ as a coenzyme?
Which enzyme would use NAD+ as a coenzyme?
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Which compound has the highest free energy and will produce the most ATP when oxidized?
Which compound has the highest free energy and will produce the most ATP when oxidized?
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Acetaldehyde (C2H4O) to ethanol (C2H6O) is what type of reaction?
Acetaldehyde (C2H4O) to ethanol (C2H6O) is what type of reaction?
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What are the inputs to the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
What are the inputs to the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
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What are the outputs of the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
What are the outputs of the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
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What are the inputs of glycolysis?
What are the inputs of glycolysis?
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What are the inputs of the citric acid cycle?
What are the inputs of the citric acid cycle?
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What are the outputs of the citric acid cycle?
What are the outputs of the citric acid cycle?
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What are the inputs of oxidative phosphorylation?
What are the inputs of oxidative phosphorylation?
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What are the outputs of oxidative phosphorylation?
What are the outputs of oxidative phosphorylation?
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What is the input of fermentation (doesn't include the input of glycolysis)?
What is the input of fermentation (doesn't include the input of glycolysis)?
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What are the outputs of fermentation?
What are the outputs of fermentation?
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Where is the ATP synthase?
Where is the ATP synthase?
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Where is the proton gradient?
Where is the proton gradient?
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In the I of the electron transport chain, what turns into what?
In the I of the electron transport chain, what turns into what?
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In the IV of the electron transport chain, what turns into what?
In the IV of the electron transport chain, what turns into what?
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How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP is created in Glycolysis?
How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP is created in Glycolysis?
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How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP is created in Conversion to Acetyl CoA?
How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP is created in Conversion to Acetyl CoA?
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How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP is created in the Citric Acid Cycle?
How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP is created in the Citric Acid Cycle?
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How many ATP are generated from one NADH?
How many ATP are generated from one NADH?
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How many ATP are generated from one FADH2?
How many ATP are generated from one FADH2?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration Overview
- The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
- Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 H2O, and 2 NADH + 2H+.
Glycolysis and Pyruvate Processing
- Pyruvate and NADH enter mitochondria for respiration, where pyruvate is actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix.
- Glycolysis occurs in two phases: energy-investment phase and energy pay-off phase.
Key Enzymes and Reactions
- Kinases transfer phosphate groups during glycolysis.
- Dehydrogenase enzymes oxidize glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, transferring electrons to NAD+ to form NADH.
Mitochondrial Structure
- A mitochondrion consists of an inner membrane housing H+ ions in the intermembrane space.
- The electron transport chain is embedded in the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthesis
- NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which consists of proteins that shuttle electrons.
- Electrons move through a series of redox reactions, generating a proton gradient used in oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP via ATP synthase.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Oxidative phosphorylation synthesizes ATP and involves chemiosmosis and redox reactions.
- Each NADH generates approximately three ATP, whereas FADH2 generates two ATP in the electron transport chain.
Citric Acid Cycle Function
- The citric acid cycle converts acetyl CoA into carbon dioxide and transfers high-energy electrons to NADH and FADH2.
- For each turn of the cycle, three NADH, one FADH2, and one ATP are produced.
Fermentation Processes
- Fermentation produces ATP in anaerobic conditions by converting pyruvate into ethanol or lactate, using NADH as the reducing agent.
- Inputs for fermentation include 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH, yielding 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, and either 2 ethanol and 2 CO2 or 2 lactate.
Alternative Fuel Sources
- Cellular respiration can utilize fats, proteins, and carbohydrates to generate ATP.
- Proteins are deaminated into amino acids, which can enter respiration at various stages, while fats undergo beta oxidation to produce acetyl CoA.
Proton Gradient and Energy Utilization
- The proton gradient across the inner membrane powers ATP synthesis and is created along the electron transport chain through exergonic redox reactions.
- Mobile electron carriers like Q and cytochrome c play crucial roles in electron transport.
Summary Outputs and Inputs
- Glycolysis inputs include glucose, 2 ATP, and 2 NAD+, while outputs are 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.
- The citric acid cycle inputs are 2 acetyl CoA, and outputs are 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2.
- Oxidative phosphorylation transforms 10 NADH + H+, 2 FADH2, and 34 ADP + (P)i into 10 NAD+, 2 FAD, water, and 34 ATP.
- Each acetyl CoA cycle generates 2 CO2 molecules, contributing to respiratory carbon dioxide output.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts of cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. You will learn about the processes that convert organic molecules into ATP and the roles of various enzymes involved. Test your understanding of mitochondrial structure and function in energy production.
