Podcast
Questions and Answers
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration interconnected in the context of energy flow and chemical recycling within an ecosystem?
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration interconnected in the context of energy flow and chemical recycling within an ecosystem?
- They both independently convert sunlight into ATP, which is then used by organisms.
- The products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen) are the reactants for cellular respiration, and the waste products of cellular respiration (carbon dioxide and water) are the raw materials for photosynthesis. (correct)
- Cellular respiration generates oxygen, which is then used by plants to produce glucose during photosynthesis.
- Photosynthesis produces carbon dioxide and water, which are then directly used to produce oxygen during cellular respiration.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role and characteristics of catabolic pathways in cells?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role and characteristics of catabolic pathways in cells?
- Catabolic pathways use energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones.
- Catabolic pathways are responsible for the partial degradation of sugars in the presence of oxygen.
- Catabolic pathways are less efficient than anabolic pathways in energy production.
- Catabolic pathways release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules. (correct)
In a redox reaction, what precisely occurs during oxidation and reduction processes?
In a redox reaction, what precisely occurs during oxidation and reduction processes?
- Oxidation and reduction both involve the gain of protons.
- Oxidation and reduction both involve the loss of protons.
- Oxidation involves the gain of electrons, while reduction involves the loss of electrons.
- Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, while reduction involves the gain of electrons. (correct)
Why are organic molecules with abundant hydrogen atoms considered excellent fuels in cellular respiration?
Why are organic molecules with abundant hydrogen atoms considered excellent fuels in cellular respiration?
How does NAD+ function as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration?
How does NAD+ function as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration?
What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
During which stage of cellular respiration is glucose split into two molecules of pyruvate?
During which stage of cellular respiration is glucose split into two molecules of pyruvate?
Where does the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?
Where does the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?
What is the net energy yield from glycolysis per glucose molecule?
What is the net energy yield from glycolysis per glucose molecule?
What happens to pyruvate before it enters the citric acid cycle?
What happens to pyruvate before it enters the citric acid cycle?
What are the primary products generated during the citric acid cycle?
What are the primary products generated during the citric acid cycle?
How does chemiosmosis contribute to ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation?
How does chemiosmosis contribute to ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation?
Approximately how many ATP molecules can be produced per glucose molecule through cellular respiration?
Approximately how many ATP molecules can be produced per glucose molecule through cellular respiration?
What is the approximate efficiency of cellular respiration in converting the energy stored in glucose to ATP?
What is the approximate efficiency of cellular respiration in converting the energy stored in glucose to ATP?
What happens to the rest of the energy stored in glucose that is not converted to ATP during cellular respiration?
What happens to the rest of the energy stored in glucose that is not converted to ATP during cellular respiration?
How do uncoupling proteins affect ATP production and heat generation?
How do uncoupling proteins affect ATP production and heat generation?
Which of the following molecules is produced during pyruvate oxidation?
Which of the following molecules is produced during pyruvate oxidation?
The electron transport chain pumps which ion across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
The electron transport chain pumps which ion across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Which stage of cellular respiration does NOT occur in the mitochondria?
Which stage of cellular respiration does NOT occur in the mitochondria?
What is the role of ATP synthase?
What is the role of ATP synthase?
Which molecule accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?
Which molecule accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?
How many CO2 molecules are released per glucose molecule that completes cellular respiration?
How many CO2 molecules are released per glucose molecule that completes cellular respiration?
Which of the following statements best describes substrate-level phosphorylation?
Which of the following statements best describes substrate-level phosphorylation?
In prokaryotic cells, where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
In prokaryotic cells, where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
What would happen if the inner mitochondrial membrane was freely permeable to hydrogen ions?
What would happen if the inner mitochondrial membrane was freely permeable to hydrogen ions?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of cellular respiration?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of cellular respiration?
In the absence of oxygen, some cells can continue to produce ATP through which process?
In the absence of oxygen, some cells can continue to produce ATP through which process?
During cellular respiration, what is the role of oxygen?
During cellular respiration, what is the role of oxygen?
Which of the following molecules directly supplies electrons to the electron transport chain?
Which of the following molecules directly supplies electrons to the electron transport chain?
What is the immediate fate of pyruvate molecules produced during glycolysis in the presence of oxygen?
What is the immediate fate of pyruvate molecules produced during glycolysis in the presence of oxygen?
What is the primary function of the proton gradient generated during electron transport in oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the primary function of the proton gradient generated during electron transport in oxidative phosphorylation?
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
How does the process of chemiosmosis contribute to ATP production?
How does the process of chemiosmosis contribute to ATP production?
Which of the following is a direct product of the citric acid cycle?
Which of the following is a direct product of the citric acid cycle?
How does the presence of uncoupling proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane affect ATP production?
How does the presence of uncoupling proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane affect ATP production?
Which statement accurately compares substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
Which statement accurately compares substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
If the inner mitochondrial membrane were freely permeable to hydrogen ions, what would be the immediate consequence?
If the inner mitochondrial membrane were freely permeable to hydrogen ions, what would be the immediate consequence?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of $NAD^+$ in cellular respiration?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of $NAD^+$ in cellular respiration?
During which stage of glucose metabolism is carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) released?
During which stage of glucose metabolism is carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) released?
What is the primary reason that organic molecules with many hydrogen atoms are considered good fuels?
What is the primary reason that organic molecules with many hydrogen atoms are considered good fuels?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of what occurs in the electron transport chain?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of what occurs in the electron transport chain?
In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in the:
In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in the:
What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis per molecule of glucose?
What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis per molecule of glucose?
Before entering the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is modified to:
Before entering the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is modified to:
What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?
What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?
Given that each NADH molecule can generate a maximum of about 3 ATP molecules and each $FADH_2$ molecule can generate about 1.5 ATP molecules, what is the approximate total number of ATP molecules that can be generated from 2 NADH and 1 $FADH_2$ molecule?
Given that each NADH molecule can generate a maximum of about 3 ATP molecules and each $FADH_2$ molecule can generate about 1.5 ATP molecules, what is the approximate total number of ATP molecules that can be generated from 2 NADH and 1 $FADH_2$ molecule?
What happens to the energy stored in glucose that is not converted to ATP during cellular respiration?
What happens to the energy stored in glucose that is not converted to ATP during cellular respiration?
In prokaryotic cells, where do the reactions of the electron transport chain occur?
In prokaryotic cells, where do the reactions of the electron transport chain occur?
Cellular respiration converts approximately what percentage of the potential chemical energy in glucose to ATP?
Cellular respiration converts approximately what percentage of the potential chemical energy in glucose to ATP?
How does the recycling of chemical elements contrast with the flow of energy in an ecosystem?
How does the recycling of chemical elements contrast with the flow of energy in an ecosystem?
Flashcards
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
The flow of energy into an ecosystem as sunlight and exits as heat, while the chemical elements are recycled.
Catabolic Pathway
Catabolic Pathway
A metabolic pathway that releases stored energy by breaking down complex molecules.
Fermentation
Fermentation
A partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen.
Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
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Oxidation
Oxidation
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Reduction
Reduction
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NAD+
NAD+
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis
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Pyruvate
Pyruvate
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Citric Acid Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
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Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis
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ATP Synthase
ATP Synthase
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Energy
Energy
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Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
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Oxygen in Respiration
Oxygen in Respiration
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Intermembrane Space
Intermembrane Space
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Mitochondrial Matrix
Mitochondrial Matrix
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Uncoupling Protein
Uncoupling Protein
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Proton-Motive Force
Proton-Motive Force
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Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
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Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
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Pyruvate Oxidation
Pyruvate Oxidation
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ATP Synthesis
ATP Synthesis
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Study Notes
- Energy enters ecosystems as sunlight, exits as heat, while chemical elements are recycled.
- Photosynthesis produces oxygen and organic molecules, which are used by mitochondria for cellular respiration.
- Respiration breaks down fuel using oxygen, generating ATP and producing carbon dioxide and water, which are the raw materials for photosynthesis.
- Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway that breaks down complex organic molecules to release stored energy and produce ATP.
- Fermentation, aerobic respiration using oxygen, and anaerobic respiration are all catabolic pathways.
- Aerobic respiration is the most efficient catabolic pathway.
- Cells must regenerate ATP from ADP and Pi to keep working.
- Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules.
- Oxidation is the loss of electrons.
- Reduction is the gain of electrons.
- Organic molecules with abundant hydrogen make excellent fuels due to the potential energy in their C-H bonds.
- Electrons are passed through electron carriers, primarily NAD+, which is reduced to NADH, instead of being directly transferred to oxygen.
- The electron transport chain (ETC) facilitates a stepwise energy release as electrons are passed down the chain to oxygen.
- NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during respiration.
- Cellular respiration brings hydrogen and oxygen together to form water.
- Cellular respiration uses an electron transport chain to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy-releasing steps, instead of occurring in one explosive reaction.
- Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
- Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and occurs in the cytosol.
- Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle further oxidize pyruvate to carbon dioxide and occur in the mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes and the cytosol in prokaryotes.
- Oxidative phosphorylation uses the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to generate ATP and occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes.
- Glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules, yielding a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
- Glycolysis occurs whether oxygen is present or not.
- No carbon is released as CO2 during glycolysis.
- Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA before entering the citric acid cycle.
- The citric acid cycle oxidizes acetyl CoA, releasing CO2 and generating 1 ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
- NADH and FADH2 shuttle high-energy electrons into the electron transport chain.
- The electron transport chain pumps protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient.
- Chemiosmosis uses the proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.
- Chemiosmosis uses energy stored in an 𝐻+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work.
- Cellular respiration can yield approximately 32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
- The number of ATP molecules per glucose molecule yielded is not exact due to factors like the efficiency of electron shuttles and the use of the proton-motive force for other cellular work.
- Each NADH contributes enough to generate a maximum of about 3 ATP.
- Each FADH2 is responsible for the transport of only enough H+ for the synthesis of 1.5 ATP.
- Cellular respiration is around 34% efficient in converting glucose energy to ATP.
- The remaining energy from glucose is released as heat, which can be used to maintain body temperature.
- Uncoupling proteins can reduce the efficiency of ATP production to generate more heat in specific tissues like brown fat.
- Cellular respiration is a process that allows living organisms to extract energy from organic molecules and convert it into ATP.
- Metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules are called catabolic pathways
- Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen
- More electronegative atoms require more energy to take an electron away from them
- Bonds with an abundance of hydrogen are a source of hilltop electrons
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a coenzyme
- During chemiosmosis, protons flow back down their gradient via ATP synthase
- ATP synthase harnesses the proton-motive force to phosphorylate ADP, forming ATP
- About 34% of the potential chemical energy in glucose has been transferred to ATP
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