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Questions and Answers
What happens to P680 after it transfers its high-energy electron to the primary electron acceptor?
Which enzyme is responsible for fixing CO2 in the Calvin Cycle?
Why do leaves appear green during the summer?
What is produced as a result of water splitting in photosynthesis?
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How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are required to synthesize one carbohydrate molecule?
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Which process in glycolysis involves the phosphorylation of glucose?
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What is produced during the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?
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During which phase of glycolysis is ATP invested?
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What is the net gain of ATP at the end of glycolysis starting with 2 ATP invested?
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What is the primary function of chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells?
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What is the primary role of NAD+ in glycolysis?
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Which compound is formed after the removal of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?
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What is produced as a waste product during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
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Which statement correctly describes the fate of phosphoenolpyruvate in glycolysis?
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Which part of the photosynthesis process occurs at the thylakoid membrane?
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What wavelengths of light can plants typically absorb for photosynthesis?
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In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?
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What is the role of the primary electron acceptor in the photosynthetic process?
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Which statement best describes the structure of chlorophyll?
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In the Calvin cycle, what essential inputs are used to produce carbohydrates?
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What happens when a photon hits a chlorophyll molecule?
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Which of the following statements best describes genotype?
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What is required for an individual to exhibit a recessive phenotype?
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According to Mendel's law of segregation, what occurs during gamete formation?
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Which of the following is NOT one of Medel's studied traits in peas?
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What does the term 'dominant phenotype' imply for an organism's alleles?
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What is the purpose of regenerating RuBP in the Calvin cycle?
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How many ATP molecules are required to produce one glucose molecule during the Calvin cycle?
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What is the function of a gene?
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What type of chromosomes do humans have that play a role in sex determination?
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What constitutes a homozygous genotype?
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What do alleles represent in genetics?
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Which of the following statements about chromosomes is correct?
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Which phase of the Calvin cycle is associated with carbon fixation?
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In which scenario is an organism described as heterozygous?
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What role does P680 play in photosystem II?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria, except for glycolysis which takes place in the cytoplasm.
- Cellular respiration is the process of converting glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.
- Glucose + Oxygen —-------> Carbon Dioxide + Water
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-------> 6CO2 + 6H2O
- Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons.
- NAD+ is reduced to NADH, and NADH is oxidized to NAD+.
- Glycolysis involves 10 steps and is divided into three phases: energy investment, cleavage, and energy liberation.
- Glycolysis requires an investment of ATP to start the process and yields a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
- Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP, resulting in ATP production.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars.
- Carbon dioxide + Water = Sugar + Oxygen
- Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and is divided into two stages: light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
- Light reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane and produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
- The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma and uses ATP, NADPH, and carbon dioxide to produce sugars.
- Chlorophylls a and b are the primary pigments involved in photosynthesis.
- Chlorophylls absorb light energy and transfer it to electrons, boosting them to a higher energy level.
- Excited electrons are transferred through an electron transport chain, releasing energy to produce ATP.
Photosystem II
- Photosystem II is the first stage of the light reactions, driven by light energy absorbed by P680.
- Water molecules are split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct and providing electrons for the electron transport chain.
- P680+ is reduced to P680 by the electrons from water.
- Electron transport in Photosystem II produces a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane, which drives ATP synthesis.
Photosystem I
- Photosystem I uses light energy to excite electrons, ultimately producing NADPH.
- Electrons from Photosystem II are passed through the electron transport chain to Photosystem I.
- P700 in Photosystem I absorbs light energy and boosts an electron to a higher energy level.
- NADP+ is reduced to NADPH using the high-energy electrons from Photosystem I.
Calvin Cycle
- The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to convert carbon dioxide into sugar.
- RuBisCO is the key enzyme in the Calvin cycle, catalyzing the fixation of carbon dioxide.
- The Calvin cycle operates in three phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.
- Glucose is made after six turns of the Calvin cycle.
Mendelian Genetics
- A gene is the basic unit of heredity, containing instructions for making proteins or RNA.
- Humans have two copies of each gene, one from each parent, except for mitochondrial genes and sex chromosomes.
- Chromosomes are threadlike structures containing DNA and proteins.
- Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX for females, XY for males).
- Alleles are different versions of a gene.
- A diploid organism has two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
- A haploid organism has one set of chromosomes.
- Homozygous individuals have two identical alleles for a gene.
- Heterozygous individuals have two different alleles for a gene.
- Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an organism.
- Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism.
- Dominant alleles produce their phenotype even in the presence of a recessive allele.
- Recessive alleles only produce their phenotype in the absence of a dominant allele.
Mendel's Experiments
- Mendel studied pea plants and identified seven characteristics controlled by single genes.
- Mendel's Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation.
- Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different genes assort independently during gamete formation.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, including the processes that convert glucose and light energy into usable forms of energy. Students will explore glycolysis, the mitochondria's role, as well as the equations that summarize these processes. Test your understanding of these essential biological functions.
