Cellular Processes: Energy and Transport

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Questions and Answers

Active transport can move across the cell membrane without requiring energy.

False (B)

What type of cellular respiration requires oxygen in order to generate ATP?

aerobic respiration

What process involves yeast turning sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide?

alcoholic fermentation

What type of cellular respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and generates less ATP?

<p>anaerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is the source of energy for cells and allows for all cell processes to occur?

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an organism that can make its own food called?

<p>autotroph</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process in which cells break down food using oxygen to create ATP?

<p>cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What autotrophic process involves organisms obtaining energy from the breakdown of inorganic materials?

<p>chemosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pigment in the chloroplast absorbs all colors except green?

<p>chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes when a solvent moves through a concentration gradient?

<p>diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when solutes are transferred from places of high concentration to low concentration?

<p>concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a state of balance between continuing processes called?

<p>dynamic equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What active transport process involves the membrane folding around a solution or molecule to form a vacuole?

<p>endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What active transport process involves material fusing with the cell membrane to force material out of the cell?

<p>exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the help of proteins called?

<p>facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an organism that must get food from its environment called?

<p>heterotroph</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?

<p>water flows out, cells shrink and mass decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cells in an isotonic solution?

<p>there is equal flow in water both ways, cells keep same size</p> Signup and view all the answers

During exercise, what type of fermentation do muscle cells use to break down sugars and make ATP?

<p>lactic acid fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is energy from the sun called?

<p>light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane called?

<p>osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of ions or particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration called?

<p>passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves a plant cell losing water content and contracting its cytoplasm and plasma membrane away from the cell wall?

<p>plasmolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that plants and some algae use to trap the sun's light and make energy called?

<p>photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do selectively permeable membranes do?

<p>membranes choose to allow or block materials to enter or exit a cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for a membrane to be semipermeable?

<p>only some substances can pass through</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a solution, what is the solute?

<p>what is dissolved in a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution?

<p>a mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure that water molecules put against the cell wall called?

<p>turgor pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is active transport?

<p>Active transport can move across the cell membrane without requiring energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is aerobic respiration?

<p>Aerobic respiration is a form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen in order to generate ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is alcoholic fermentation?

<p>Alcoholic fermentation is the process of making alcohol where yeast turns sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP?

<p>ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the source of energy for cells and allows for all cell processes to occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an autotroph?

<p>An autotroph is an organism that can make its own food, like plants (by photosynthesis).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cellular respiration?

<p>Cellular respiration is the process in which cells break down food using oxygen to create ATP (energy for the cell).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chemosynthesis?

<p>Chemosynthesis is an autotrophic process where organisms obtain energy from the breakdown of inorganic materials such as Nitrogen and Sulfur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does chlorophyll do?

<p>Pigments in the chloroplast absorb all colors except green so it is reflected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion?

<p>Diffusion is when a solvent moves through a concentration gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a concentration gradient?

<p>A concentration gradient is when solutes are transferred from places in concentration from high concentration to low concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dynamic equilibrium?

<p>Dynamic equilibrium is a state of balance between continuing processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is endocytosis?

<p>Endocytosis is an active transport process where the membrane folds around the solution or molecule and forms a vacuole inside of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

<p>Facilitated diffusion is the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in a hypertonic solution?

<p>Water flows out, cells shrink, and mass decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in an isotonic solution?

<p>There is equal flow in water both ways, cells keep the same size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells during exercise, breaking down sugars to make ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is light energy?

<p>Light energy is energy from the sun.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

<p>Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does selectively permeable mean?

<p>Membranes choose to allow or block materials to enter or exit a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does semipermeable mean?

<p>Only some substances can pass through.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is turgor pressure?

<p>Turgor pressure is pressure that water molecules put against the cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chlorophyll absorbs all colors, including green.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to be selectively permeable?

<p>Selectively permeable membranes choose to allow or block materials to enter or exit a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to be semipermeable?

<p>Semipermeable means only some substances can pass through.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Active transport

Movement across the cell membrane that requires energy.

Aerobic respiration

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen to generate ATP.

Alcoholic fermentation

Yeast converts sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide, making alcohol.

Anaerobic respiration

Cellular respiration without oxygen, generates less ATP.

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; the main energy source for cells.

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Autotroph

Organism that makes its own food, like plants using photosynthesis.

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Cellular respiration

Cells break down food using oxygen to create ATP.

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Chemosynthesis

Organisms obtain energy from inorganic materials like nitrogen and sulfur.

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Chlorophyll

Pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs all colors except green.

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Diffusion

Movement of a solvent through a concentration gradient.

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Concentration gradient

Solutes move from high to low concentration areas.

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Dynamic equilibrium

Balance between continuing processes.

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Endocytosis

Cell membrane folds around a substance, forming a vacuole inside the cell.

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Exocytosis

Material fuses with cell membrane, forcing material out.

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Facilitated diffusion

Substances pass through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with proteins.

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Heterotroph

Organism that gets food from its environment, like animals.

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Hypertonic

Water flows out; cells shrink, mass decreases.

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Hypotonic

Water flows in; cells grow, mass increases.

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Isotonic

Equal water flow in both directions; cells stay the same size.

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Lactic acid fermentation

Muscle cells break down sugars to make ATP during exercise.

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Light energy

Energy from the sun.

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Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

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Passive transport

Movement from high to low concentration without energy.

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Plasmolysis

Plant cell loses water, cytoplasm shrinks away from the cell wall.

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Photosynthesis

Plants trap sunlight to make energy.

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Selectively permeable

Membranes allow or block materials from entering or exiting.

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Semipermeable

Only some substances can pass through.

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Solute

What is dissolved in a solution.

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Solution

A mixture formed when one substance dissolves another.

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Solvent

What the solute is being dissolved in.

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Turgor pressure

Pressure of water molecules against the cell wall.

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Study Notes

  • Active transport requires energy to move substances across the cell membrane.
  • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to generate ATP.
  • Alcoholic fermentation is the process where yeast converts sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide to make alcohol.
  • Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP.
  • ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is the energy source for cells, enabling all cellular processes.
  • Autotrophs, such as plants, can produce their own food through photosynthesis.
  • Cellular respiration involves cells breaking down food using oxygen to create ATP, which is energy for the cell.
  • Chemosynthesis is an autotrophic process where organisms derive energy from breaking down inorganic materials like Nitrogen and Sulfur.
  • Chlorophyll, found in chloroplasts, absorbs all colors of light except green, which is reflected.
  • Diffusion occurs when a solvent moves through a concentration gradient.
  • A concentration gradient exists when solutes move from areas of high concentration to low concentration.
  • Dynamic equilibrium is a state of balance between ongoing processes.
  • Endocytosis involves the cell membrane folding around a solution or molecule, forming a vacuole inside the cell.
  • Exocytosis occurs when material fuses with the cell membrane, expelling the material out of the cell.
  • Facilitated diffusion involves the transport of substances across a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of proteins.
  • Heterotrophs, such as animals, must obtain food from their environment.
  • In a hypertonic solution, water exits the cell, causing it to shrink and lose mass.
  • In a hypotonic solution, water enters the cell, causing it to grow and increase in mass.
  • In an isotonic solution, there is an equal flow of water in both directions, maintaining the cell's size.
  • Lactic acid fermentation is preformed by muscle cells during exercise, breaks down sugars to make ATP.
  • Light energy comes from the sun.
  • Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
  • Passive transport involves the movement of ions or particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
  • Plasmolysis occurs when a plant cell loses water, causing its cytoplasm and plasma membrane to contract and shrink away from the cell wall.
  • Photosynthesis is the process used by plants and some algae to convert sunlight into energy.
  • Selectively permeable membranes allow certain materials to pass through while blocking others.
  • Semipermeable membranes only allow some substances to pass through.
  • A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solution.
  • A solution is a mixture formed when one substance dissolves another.
  • A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute.
  • Turgor pressure is the force exerted by water molecules against the cell wall.

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