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Questions and Answers
Which type of cell movement is characterized by the crawling motion of the entire cell?
Which type of cell movement is characterized by the crawling motion of the entire cell?
- Ameboid movement (correct)
- Flagellar movement
- Cytoplasmic streaming
- Ciliary movement
Why is the transport of substances across the cell membrane critical?
Why is the transport of substances across the cell membrane critical?
- It increases intracellular fluid volume.
- It facilitates cell division.
- It maintains homeostasis and provides nutrients. (correct)
- It helps in the formation of structural proteins.
Which statement correctly describes extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Which statement correctly describes extracellular fluid (ECF)?
- ECF is primarily responsible for generating action potentials.
- ECF is mostly comprised of proteins and lipids.
- ECF contains ions and nutrients needed by the cells. (correct)
- ECF remains stagnant and does not affect cellular functions.
What term did Claud Bernard use to describe the extracellular fluid, reflecting its importance to body function?
What term did Claud Bernard use to describe the extracellular fluid, reflecting its importance to body function?
Which feature distinguishes ciliary movement from other types of cell movement?
Which feature distinguishes ciliary movement from other types of cell movement?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
Which component accounts for the majority of the cell's mass?
Which component accounts for the majority of the cell's mass?
How do human cells compare to microbial cells in the body?
How do human cells compare to microbial cells in the body?
What fundamental principle does 'form follows function' support in cellular physiology?
What fundamental principle does 'form follows function' support in cellular physiology?
What proportion of cellular mass is made up of proteins?
What proportion of cellular mass is made up of proteins?
Which component is classified as soluble in fat solvents?
Which component is classified as soluble in fat solvents?
What is the significance of intercellular supporting structures?
What is the significance of intercellular supporting structures?
What is a potential consequence of abnormal fluid leakage from plasma to interstitial spaces?
What is a potential consequence of abnormal fluid leakage from plasma to interstitial spaces?
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the hyperglycemia seen in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the hyperglycemia seen in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
How does regular aerobic training affect glucose transport in skeletal muscle?
How does regular aerobic training affect glucose transport in skeletal muscle?
Which statement accurately describes the role of skeletal muscle in glucose homeostasis?
Which statement accurately describes the role of skeletal muscle in glucose homeostasis?
What is the primary function of GLUT4 in skeletal muscle cells?
What is the primary function of GLUT4 in skeletal muscle cells?
What role does the sarcoplasmic reticulum play in skeletal muscle?
What role does the sarcoplasmic reticulum play in skeletal muscle?
In the context of cellular digestion, what is the primary function of lysosomes?
In the context of cellular digestion, what is the primary function of lysosomes?
What process allows cells to consume obsolete organelles for recycling?
What process allows cells to consume obsolete organelles for recycling?
Which statement best describes metabolism within a cell?
Which statement best describes metabolism within a cell?
What is the significance of the plasma membrane in cellular functions?
What is the significance of the plasma membrane in cellular functions?
Which of the following processes is NOT directly involved in energy extraction from nutrients?
Which of the following processes is NOT directly involved in energy extraction from nutrients?
What characteristic best describes the communication mechanisms used by cells?
What characteristic best describes the communication mechanisms used by cells?
What is apoptosis in the context of cell biology?
What is apoptosis in the context of cell biology?
Which process involves the transport of large particles into the cell?
Which process involves the transport of large particles into the cell?
What is the function of Na+/K+-ATPase?
What is the function of Na+/K+-ATPase?
Which of the following statements about active transport is accurate?
Which of the following statements about active transport is accurate?
Which type of ion channel opens and closes in response to changes in electrical membrane potential?
Which type of ion channel opens and closes in response to changes in electrical membrane potential?
What type of solute carrier transports multiple molecules in the same direction?
What type of solute carrier transports multiple molecules in the same direction?
What cellular process allows for the uptake of specific molecules?
What cellular process allows for the uptake of specific molecules?
Which type of transport requires direct use of ATP?
Which type of transport requires direct use of ATP?
How does transcytosis function within a cell?
How does transcytosis function within a cell?
What distinguishes primary active transport from secondary active transport?
What distinguishes primary active transport from secondary active transport?
Which of the following mechanisms does NOT use energy?
Which of the following mechanisms does NOT use energy?
What is the primary function of aquaporins in cellular transport?
What is the primary function of aquaporins in cellular transport?
What is osmotic pressure primarily responsible for?
What is osmotic pressure primarily responsible for?
Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is correct?
Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is correct?
What happens to cells when there is a significant change in osmotic pressure?
What happens to cells when there is a significant change in osmotic pressure?
Which of the following accurately describes simple diffusion?
Which of the following accurately describes simple diffusion?
What type of cellular transport involves vesicles?
What type of cellular transport involves vesicles?
Flashcards
Cells
Cells
The fundamental building blocks of living organisms, responsible for carrying out essential life functions.
Tissues
Tissues
Groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
Organs
Organs
Structures composed of different tissues that work together to perform a complex function.
Systems
Systems
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Substances that make up the cell
Substances that make up the cell
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Water
Water
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Ions
Ions
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Proteins
Proteins
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Ameboid movement
Ameboid movement
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Ciliary movement
Ciliary movement
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Cellular transport
Cellular transport
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Intracellular fluid
Intracellular fluid
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Extracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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Cellular Digestion
Cellular Digestion
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Cellular Migration
Cellular Migration
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Autophagy
Autophagy
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Metabolism
Metabolism
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Cellular Signaling
Cellular Signaling
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis
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Cell Division
Cell Division
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Osmosis
Osmosis
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Passive transport
Passive transport
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Active transport
Active transport
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Osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure
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Aquaporins
Aquaporins
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Simple diffusion
Simple diffusion
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Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
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Primary active transport
Primary active transport
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Edema
Edema
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Lymphedema
Lymphedema
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Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DM2)
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DM2)
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Glucose Uptake
Glucose Uptake
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GLUT4 Transporter
GLUT4 Transporter
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Secondary Active Transport
Secondary Active Transport
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Uniporter
Uniporter
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Symporter
Symporter
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Antiporter (Exchange Transporter)
Antiporter (Exchange Transporter)
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Pinocytosis
Pinocytosis
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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
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Study Notes
Cellular Physiology
- Cellular physiology is the study of how individual cells function.
- Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of living tissue.
- Tissues are an aggregation of multiple cells, held together by intercellular supporting structures.
- There are over 200 different types of human cells.
- The human body contains approximately 35-40 trillion cells.
- Form follows function means that each cell is specifically adapted to perform one or a few particular functions.
- Cell types vary greatly, but all cells have certain common characteristics.
Objectives
- Review foundational concepts of cellular physiology.
- Examine cellular transport mechanisms.
- Analyze application of cellular physiology principles.
Cell Structure and Function
- Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life.
- Cells have various components: nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma/cell membrane.
- Cells have complex internal structures which include: centrioles, chromosomes, DNA, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, microtubules, microfilaments, lysosomes, mitochondrion, nucleus, nucleolus.
- Water makes up 70-85% of the cell.
- Ions are crucial for cellular reactions and control.
- Proteins (10-20% of cell mass) are structural and functional (enzymes).
- Lipids are fat-soluble substances.
- Carbohydrates play roles in cell nutrition and structural formation.
- Microorganisms live in the human body and outnumber human cells by a significant amount.
Cell Structure Review
- The levels of organization in the body go from cells to tissues, to organs to systems.
- Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs make up systems, systems work together as a whole organism.
Application
- Mitochondria are sites of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis, providing cellular energy.
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum (skeletal muscle endoplasmic reticulum) regulates calcium, controlling muscle contraction/relaxation.
- Ribosomes translate RNA to proteins, which are essential for many cellular functions.
Cellular Functions
- Barrier and transport: the plasma membrane acts as a selective barrier. -Digestion: breakdown and removal of unwanted materials within the cell. -Signaling: communication and response to signals from the environment (chemicals in the extracellular fluid). -Migration: capacity of cells to move within the body (immune and tissue forming). -Metabolism: sum of anabolic (formation and maintenance) and catabolic (breakdown) processes. -Cell division (mitosis & meiosis): formation of new cells. -Cell death (apoptosis): planned/programmed cellular death.
Digestion by the Cell
- Cells need nutrients to live and grow.
- Most substances enter cells by diffusion or active transport
- Endocytosis and exocytosis are methods of transport.
Autophagy & Recycling
- Lysosomes play crucial roles in recycling cellular components.
- Autophagy is the process by which cells eat their own obsolete organelles and large proteins.
Energy Extraction
- Nutrients like glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are used to produce energy in the form of ATP.
- This process occurs in mitochondria.
Cellular Locomotion
- There are two main types of cellular locomotion outside of muscle contractions:
- Ameboid movement: Entire cells move (e.g., WBCs).
- Ciliary movement: Cilia on cell surfaces (e.g., respiratory airways).
Cellular Transport
- Movement of substances across the cell membrane (into/out).
- Essential for cell function and homeostasis.
- Used for action potentials.
Transport of Substances Through Cellular Membranes
- Intracellular fluid exchanges with extracellular fluid. -Most fluid is intracellular. -The extracellular fluid is constantly moving and contains vital nutrients and ions for cell function.
Extracellular Fluid
- Fluid is transported through the body via blood and exchange between blood vessels and tissues.
Cellular Transport (Classification)
- Cellular transport is categorized as active (needs energy) or passive (no energy).
- Active transport is further classified by use of energy (primary/secondary).
- Vesicles are involved in endocytosis (into) and exocytosis (out).
- Substances move through membranes via diffusion (simple or facilitated) or osmosis (water movement).
Passive Transport
- Molecules move freely.
- Movements are driven by electrochemical gradients (differences in concentration or charge).
Active Transport
- Molecules are moved against electrochemical gradients.
- Cells spend energy to move molecules.
Electrochemical Gradient
- A gradient of electrochemical potential determines how molecules move across the plasma membrane.
- There are chemical (difference in solute concentration) and electrical (difference in charge) components of the electrochemical gradient.
Diffusion
- Molecules move from high to low concentration areas spontaneously.
Types of Cellular Transport
- Simple Diffusion: movement of molecules or water down a concentration gradient without assistance.
- Facilitated Diffusion: molecules or water move with the help of protein channels.
- Osmosis: movement of water down a concentration gradient with concentration of solute (or absence) as the driver.
Membrane Transport Proteins
- Proteins facilitate the movement of molecules across membranes.
- Includes aquaporins, ion channels (voltage & ligand-gated), solute carriers (uni, co, symporters, antiporters).
ATP-Dependent Transporters
- Involved in primary active transport.
- Example: Na+/K+ -ATPase transports 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in.
Vesicular Transport
- Endocytosis and exocytosis are used to move large molecules or groups of molecules across membranes and into or out of the cell.
- Exocytosis is used to move molecules OUT of a cell.
- Endocytosis is used to move molecules INTO a cell.
Membrane Transport Proteins
- Aquaporins: facilitate water movement (osmosis) that may be regulated by hormones
- Ion Channels: selective or non-selective; gated to open or close based on signals.
- Example: voltage gated channels respond to membrane potential; ligand-gated channels respond to a chemical binding.
Extracellular Edema
- Excess fluid accumulation in extracellular spaces.
- Causes are abnormal plasma leakage to interstitial spaces and/or lymphatic failure to return fluid from the interstitium to the blood.
Health Condition- Diabetes Mellitus (DM2)
- A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose due to insufficient insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and inadequate glucagon suppression.
- Impacts normal cellular transport, especially glucose uptake.
Skeletal Muscle & Glucose Homeostasis
- Skeletal muscle plays a vital role in maintaining blood glucose levels, especially post-meal.
- GLUT4 is crucial for glucose uptake into cells and is increased via aerobic training.
Insulin Response
- Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels; in a healthy response, insulin triggers a chain of events that lead to increasing glucose uptake.
- In DMII, insulin receptors do not function to the same degree or not at all.
Role of Physical Therapists
- Regular aerobic training increases GLUT4 transport in skeletal muscle, which helps reduce hyperglycemia.
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