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Questions and Answers
Which cellular structure is directly involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division?
Which cellular structure is directly involved in the movement of chromosomes during cell division?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with cytoplasmic inclusions?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with cytoplasmic inclusions?
Which type of pigment is produced within the body by specialized cells, such as melanocytes?
Which type of pigment is produced within the body by specialized cells, such as melanocytes?
Which of the following best describes the arrangement of glycogen granules observed under an electron microscope?
Which of the following best describes the arrangement of glycogen granules observed under an electron microscope?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a stored energy source from the list?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a stored energy source from the list?
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Which of the following best describes the primary function of cristae within mitochondria?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of cristae within mitochondria?
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What is the key role the mitochondrial matrix plays in cellular respiration?
What is the key role the mitochondrial matrix plays in cellular respiration?
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How are the shapes of mitochondria best described?
How are the shapes of mitochondria best described?
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What is the primary energy currency produced by mitochondria, utilized by the cell?
What is the primary energy currency produced by mitochondria, utilized by the cell?
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Which process is primarily associated with the function of the centrioles?
Which process is primarily associated with the function of the centrioles?
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What is the structural relationship between the two centrioles within a centrosome?
What is the structural relationship between the two centrioles within a centrosome?
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Which of these is NOT a direct function of the mitochondrion?
Which of these is NOT a direct function of the mitochondrion?
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How are the microtubules within the centrioles oriented?
How are the microtubules within the centrioles oriented?
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Study Notes
Cellular Organelles and Non-Cellular Organelles
- Mitochondria (sing., mitochondrion) are found in all eukaryotic cells, including plant and algae cells.
- Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane; an outer membrane that is smooth and determines the shape of the mitochondria and an inner membrane that folds into cristae.
- The cristae project into the interior of the organelle, resembling shelves.
- The matrix within the mitochondria contains enzymes, ribosomes, and circular mitochondrial DNA.
- Cristae contain respiratory chain enzymes that produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
- ATP is produced when carbohydrates are broken down, releasing energy.
- ATP produces high-energy molecules within the cytoplasm
- During the Krebs cycle, most energy is stored as ATP, and some is released as heat to maintain body temperature.
- Mitochondria have diverse shapes (spherical, oval, or elongated) but have the same basic structure.
- Number of mitochondria depends on cell function.
- Mitochondria have outer and inner membranes, cristae, and a matrix.
- Ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA are also present within the mitochondria.
Centrosome
- Located near the nucleus.
- Composed of a matrix and two small, cylindrical structures called centrioles, which lie perpendicular to each other.
- Each centriole has nine tubules arranged in a circle; each tubule contains three microtubules.
- Microtubules run along a longitudinal axis and are parallel to each other.
Centrosome and Centrioles
- The centrosome matrix, centrioles, and microtubules are all depicted in diagrams.
Cross Section of Centriole
- Micrographs of centriole cross-sections are shown .
Longitudinal Section of Centriole
- A micrograph of a longitudinal centriole section is shown.
Centriole
- Functions in cell division by forming spindle fibers (microtubules).
- Centers for mitotic spindles, distributing chromosomes to daughter cells during cell division.
- Plays a role in cilia and flagella formation.
Cytoplasmic Inclusions
- Temporary structures that include metabolic products.
- Non-living components of the cell.
- Classified into three groups:
Stored Food
- Glycogen and lipid droplets.
Glycogen
- Appears as granules not bounded by membranes, arranged in groups within cells.
- A storage form of carbohydrate that serves as an energy source (particularly prominent in liver and muscle cells).
Lipids
- Stored in fat cells as lipid droplets.
- Lipid droplets in electron micrographs (EM) are not bounded by membranes and vary in size.
- Serve as energy resources.
Pigments
- Viewed in electron micrographs (EM) as small granules, not membrane-bound, and scattered.
- Two types.
Exogenous Pigments
- Come from outside the cell, like carotene (pigment in carrots).
Endogenous Pigments
- For example, melanin produced by melanocytes (cells in skin and eyes).
Hemoglobin
- Pigmented protein in red blood cells (RBCs).
Crystalloids
- Mineral salts, such as calcium carbonate, found in cells like those in the testes.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of mitochondria, the powerhouse of eukaryotic cells. This quiz covers their structure, function, and role in ATP production. Understand the importance of these organelles in cellular metabolism and energy release.
