Cellular Metabolism Effects and Ratios
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Questions and Answers

What is the process called when yeast consumes more glucose in anaerobic conditions than in aerobic conditions?

  • Respiratory Quotient
  • Warburg Effect
  • P/O Ratio
  • Pasteur Effect (correct)

    • What is the Respiratory Quotient (RQ) for glucose during complete oxidation?

  • 1 (correct)
  • 4.0
  • 0.7
  • 1.33

    • Which of the following describes the Warburg Effect?

  • A decrease in ATP production during aerobic respiration
  • Increased glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation in cancer cells even in oxygen's presence (correct)
  • Increased oxidation of fats in the presence of oxygen
  • The uptake of oxygen despite anaerobic conditions

    • What is the RQ value for palmitate during oxidation?

    <p>0.7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the P/O ratio defined in terms of ATP synthesis?

    <p>Ratio of ATP synthesized to oxygen reduced to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ATP yield during fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?

    <p>Aerobic respiration yields more ATP than fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which type of reaction is the Electrochemical Proton Gradient primarily established?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organic substances has the highest RQ value?

    <p>Malic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main product of alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cofactor is required by pyruvate decarboxylase in alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>TPP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final electron acceptor in alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>Acetaldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ATP yield in fermentation compare to aerobic respiration?

    <p>Fermentation yields less ATP than aerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of phosphorylation is used to generate ATP in both fermentation and anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes aerobic respiration from fermentation regarding oxygen requirement?

    <p>Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while fermentation does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Pasteur effect?

    <p>It describes the inhibition of fermentation by high levels of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step of alcoholic fermentation involving pyruvate?

    <p>Decarboxylation to form acetaldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the primary difference between anaerobic respiration and fermentation?

    <p>Anaerobic respiration uses inorganic molecules as final electron acceptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fermentation, how is NAD+ regenerated?

    <p>Via the formation of lactic acid or ethanol from NADH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Cori cycle in mammals?

    <p>To recycle lactic acid produced in muscles back to glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fermentation?

    <p>It requires an electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical ATP yield during fermentation compared to complete aerobic respiration?

    <p>Fermentation yields less ATP due to the absence of an electron transport system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes primarily occurs in muscle cells during intense exercise?

    <p>Lactic acid fermentation producing lactate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do organic molecules play in fermentation?

    <p>They are the final electron acceptors in the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly characterizes the Pasteur Effect?

    <p>It describes the inhibition of fermentation by the presence of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pasteur Effect

    • Yeast consumes more glucose when growing anaerobically than aerobically.
    • This observation is called the Pasteur Effect.

    Warburg Effect

    • Most cancer cells exhibit increased glycolysis, followed by Lactic Acid Fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen.
    • This metabolic pathway is used to generate ATP as the main source of energy supply.
    • This phenomenon is known as the Warburg Effect (Aerobic Glycolysis).

    Respiratory Quotient

    • The oxidation of respiratory substrates such as glucose and fats involves the release of CO2 along with energy release.
    • Respiratory Quotient (RQ) is the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed during the complete oxidation of a metabolic fuel.
    • The formula is: RQ = mol of CO2 produced / mol of O2 consumed.
    • Examples of RQ:*
    • Carbohydrates (Glucose): RQ = 1
    • Fats (Palmitate): RQ = 0.7
    • Organic acids (Malic acid): RQ = 1.3

    P/O Ratio

    • The P/O ratio is the ratio of ATP synthesized to oxygen reduced to water.
    • It can be used to estimate the number of ATP molecules formed during aerobic respiration.
    • During the transport of two electrons from NADH to oxygen, about 10 protons are transported into the intermembrane space.
    • This process is important for ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.

    Fermentation

    • Fermentation is an anaerobic energy-yielding process.
    • The final electron acceptor is an organic molecule.
    • The process does not involve an electron transport system.
    • NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by transferring electrons to an organic molecule (e.g., ethanol, lactic acid).

    Lactic Acid Fermentation

    • Muscle cells and certain bacteria species (e.g., Lactobacillus) oxidize NADH by transforming pyruvate to lactate.
    • This process is known as Lactic Acid Fermentation.
    • The reaction is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
    • LDH exists in multiple forms in animal tissues.

    Cori Cycle

    • In animals, lactic acid formed in the muscle is recycled to glucose in the liver.
    • Lactic acid produced in the muscle is transported to the liver, where it is reoxidized to pyruvate by liver LDH.
    • Pyruvate is then converted to glucose in the liver through gluconeogenesis.
    • The liver transports glucose back to the muscle for glycolysis.
    • This cycle is called the Cori Cycle (Lactic Acid Cycle).
    • This cycle was named after Carl and Gerty Cori.

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    Related Documents

    Metabolism and Fermentation: Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating concepts of the Pasteur Effect, the Warburg Effect, and respiratory quotients in cellular metabolism. Understand how these metabolic pathways differ in aerobic and anaerobic conditions and their implications for energy production. This quiz will test your knowledge on the critical ratios used in assessing metabolic efficiency.

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