32 Questions
Which macromolecule serves as an energy source or has structural roles?
Carbohydrates
What is the basic structure of membranes and has roles in energy metabolism?
Lipids
Which type of carbohydrates consists of more than two sugar units covalently linked?
Polysaccharides
What is a long, unbranched hydrocarbon with a COOH group at one end?
Fatty Acids
Which type of fatty acids are solids at room temperature and derived from animal sources?
Saturated
What type of lipids have a backbone of four carbon rings and include cholesterol?
Steroids
What is the most abundant lipid in the body and produces twice the energy gain from carbohydrates?
Neutral Fats (triglycerides)
Which compound is an important component of cell membranes and has a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a small hydrophilic group?
Phospholipids
What group of molecules consists of amino acids linked together with peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain?
Proteins
Which protein structure is described as a complex three-dimensional shape resulting from interactions among R groups?
Tertiary structure
What process involves the disruption of the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins, leading to changes in their physiochemical properties?
Protein denaturation
Which molecule acts as energy currency in the body and is converted from chemical bond energy into ATP?
Adenosine phosphates (cAMP)
What are polymers of nucleotides?
Nucleic acids
What type of lipids have a backbone of four carbon rings and include cholesterol?
Steroids
What is the most abundant lipid in the body and produces twice energy gain from carbohydrates?
Neutral Fats (triglycerides)
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino Acids
Describe the structure of mitochondria and state its function.
The mitochondrion contains an outer and an inner membrane separated by the intermembrane space. The inner membrane is specialized and impermeable to most small ions. Its function is to produce energy in the form of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Illustrate oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain.
Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy which is used to produce ATP. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors.
Describe the structure of centrosome and state its function.
The centrosome consists of two centrioles and acts as the main microtubule organizing center in animal cells. Its function is to organize the microtubules of the cytoskeleton during cell division.
Describe the structure of centriole and state its function.
A centriole is a cylindrical cell structure composed mainly of a protein called tubulin. Its function is to organize the microtubules of the cytoskeleton during cell division.
Describe the structure of cytoskeleton and state its function.
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm. It provides structural support, facilitates cell movement, and plays a role in intracellular transport.
Describe the structure of vacuole and state its function.
A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of plant cells. Its function includes storage of nutrients and waste products, maintaining turgor pressure, and providing structural support.
What is the function of the cristae in the mitochondria?
Increase the surface area of the inner membrane
What is the composition of the mitochondrial matrix?
Proteins, enzymes, NAD, FAD, ADP, P, mtDNA, mtRNA, and ribosomes
How is ATP produced in the mitochondria?
Through the process of oxidative phosphorylation
What is the role of mtDNA in the mitochondria?
Production of RNA and some mitochondrial proteins
What is the estimated percentage of mtDNA in total cellular DNA?
Approximately 1%
How do mitochondria replicate or divide?
Through fission
What is the proposed origin of mitochondria?
Believed to have arisen from bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells
What is the significance of intact mitochondria for cell survival?
Survival of eukaryotic cells depends on intact mitochondria
What is the yield of ATP per glucose molecule in human red blood cells?
2 ATP molecules
What is the yield of ATP per glucose molecule in human cells with mitochondria?
About 32 ATP
Study Notes
Lipids
- Lipids serve as an energy source and have structural roles.
- Phospholipids are the basic structure of membranes and have roles in energy metabolism.
- Triglycerides are a type of lipid that consists of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids.
- Saturated fatty acids are solids at room temperature and are derived from animal sources.
- Steroids are a type of lipid that has a backbone of four carbon rings and includes cholesterol.
- Triglycerides are the most abundant lipid in the body and produce twice the energy gain from carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates
- Polysaccharides consist of more than two sugar units covalently linked.
Amino Acids and Proteins
- Amino acids are linked together with peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain to form proteins.
- The tertiary structure of proteins is a complex three-dimensional shape resulting from interactions among R groups.
- Denaturation involves the disruption of the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins, leading to changes in their physiochemical properties.
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
Nucleotides
- Nucleotides are polymers of nucleotides.
Energy Production
- ATP is the energy currency in the body and is converted from chemical bond energy into ATP.
- The yield of ATP per glucose molecule in human red blood cells is 2 ATP.
- The yield of ATP per glucose molecule in human cells with mitochondria is 36-38 ATP.
Mitochondria
- Mitochondria have a structure featuring cristae, which increase the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain.
- The mitochondrial matrix is the composition of the mitochondrial matrix.
- ATP is produced in the mitochondria through the process of oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain.
- Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is found in the mitochondria and makes up approximately 1% of total cellular DNA.
- Mitochondria replicate or divide through a process involving the fission of existing mitochondria.
- The proposed origin of mitochondria is that they originated from ancient bacteria that were engulfed by the cell.
- Intact mitochondria are significant for cell survival because they generate most of the ATP required for cellular processes.
Centrosome and Centriole
- The centrosome is a structure composed of two centrioles and is involved in the formation of cilia, flagella, and the spindle fibers during cell division.
- The centriole is a small, cylindrical structure that is involved in the formation of cilia, flagella, and the spindle fibers during cell division.
Cytoskeleton
- The cytoskeleton is a structure composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that provides mechanical support and shape to the cell.
Vacuole
- The vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle that stores water, salts, and other substances, and helps to maintain osmotic balance and pH regulation.
This quiz covers the basics of carbohydrates, including their composition, monomers, polymers, and forms such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It also discusses their roles as an energy source and in providing structural support.
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