lecture 1
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Questions and Answers

Which domain includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists?

  • Domain Prokaryota
  • Domain Archaea
  • Domain Eucaryota (correct)
  • Domain Bacteria

Which domain is not part of the division of cellular life forms?

  • Domain Bacteria
  • Domain Archaea
  • Domain Eucaryota
  • Domain Prokaryota (correct)

What does the small subunit of ribosomes contain?

  • One 16S rRNA molecule (correct)
  • Multiple tRNA molecules
  • Both 16S and 18S rRNA molecules
  • One 18S rRNA molecule

How many subunits make up ribosomes?

<p>Two (small and large) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is compared to determine relatedness among organisms?

<p>Sequence of nucleotide base pairs in the gene coding for the 16S rRNA molecule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many DNA nucleotides does the gene that codes for the 16S rRNA molecule contain?

<p>About 1500 DNA nucleotides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the 16S rRNA molecule?

<p>To help determine relatedness among organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of viroids?

<p>Short, single-stranded RNA molecule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical length of a viroid RNA molecule?

<p>A few hundred nucleotides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of viroids in plants?

<p>Cause diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of Hepatitis D virus (HDV)?

<p>It is a viroid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes viroids from typical viruses?

<p>They lack a protein-coding capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal location of prion protein (PrPC) in the human cell?

<p>On the surface of the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the abbreviation for the normal prion protein?

<p>PrPC (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the abnormal form of prion protein (PrPSc) commonly found?

<p>In the brain tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the abnormal form of prion protein (PrPSc) able to induce in specific normal cellular proteins (PrPC)?

<p>Abnormal folding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of prion diseases?

<p>Extremely resistant to inactivation by UV light and X-rays (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do prion diseases respond to commonly known antimicrobial substances?

<p>Do not respond to currently known antimicrobial substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are virulence factors?

<p>Properties of pathogenic microorganisms that allow them to invade the human body and/or produce toxins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of flasks did Louis Pasteur use in his experiment?

<p>Swan-neck flasks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Louis Pasteur's experiment support?

<p>Biogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the nutrient broth remain clear in the swan-neck flasks?

<p>Preventing airborne microorganisms from contaminating it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the second criteria in Robert Koch's postulates for confirming the causative microbial agent of a disease?

<p>The pathogen must be isolated in a pure culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the third criteria in Robert Koch's postulates for confirming the causative microbial agent of a disease?

<p>The pathogen isolated from pure culture must cause the same disease in a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fourth criteria in Robert Koch's postulates for confirming the causative microbial agent of a disease?

<p>The pathogen must be reisolated from the inoculated laboratory animal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first criteria in Koch's postulates for confirming the causative microbial agent of a disease?

<p>The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of sporadic disease?

<p>It occurs infrequently and irregularly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an endemic disease?

<p>The constant presence and/or usual prevalence in a population within a geographic area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hyperendemic disease known for?

<p>Persistent, high levels of disease occurrence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between epidemic and pandemic diseases?

<p>Epidemic diseases affect a specific population in an area, while pandemic diseases spread over multiple countries or continents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pandemic disease refer to?

<p>An epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is systemic infection spread throughout the body?

<p>Via blood circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a latent infection characterized by?

<p>The potential to become active at some time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does mixed infection involve?

<p>Two or more pathogens infecting the same tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of infection is characterized by pus formation?

<p>Pyogenic infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining feature of a fulminant infection?

<p>Sudden and intense onset (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of infection occurs suddenly and intensely?

<p>Fulminant infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Iceberg Concept of Disease Occurrence illustrate?

<p>The visibility of only a small fraction of diagnosed cases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the emphasis of the Iceberg Concept in relation to disease control?

<p>Surveillance and public health efforts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proportion of diagnosed cases in the Iceberg Concept of Disease Occurrence?

<p>Small fraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does excessive iron affect susceptibility to infections?

<p>It increases susceptibility to infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do bacteria need iron?

<p>For growth and metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between iron and bacterial growth?

<p>Iron is essential for bacterial growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do some bacteria directly scavenge iron from the host?

<p>By targeting iron-binding proteins like transferrin and lactoferrin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of siderophores in bacterial iron acquisition?

<p>Chelating and transporting available iron into bacterial cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen has adapted to not require iron for its survival?

<p>Treponema pallidum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What controls the production of Diphtheria toxin in bacteria?

<p>DtxR repressor, activated by iron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions is Diphtheria toxin synthesized by lysogenic bacteria?

<p>Iron-deficient conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which toxin's production is known to be depressed by iron?

<p>Shiga-like toxin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the level of P. aeruginosa exotoxin A when the iron concentration increases?

<p>It decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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