Cellular Knowledge

Cells are bounded by a membrane and maintain internal environments that differ from their external environments. They contain various organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum, which perform specific functions in the cell. Additionally, cells are made up of macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

Transcription is the process by which DNA is used as a template to produce RNA. The RNA then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm where it is translated by ribosomes into a specific sequence of amino acids, forming a protein. This process is called translation.

The innate immune system is a non-specific defense mechanism that includes physical barriers such as skin, as well as immune cells that recognize and attack foreign pathogens. The adaptive immune system is a specific defense mechanism that involves the production of antibodies by B cells and the activation of T cells to recognize and destroy specific pathogens. In plants, the innate immune system involves physical barriers such as cell walls and the production of antimicrobial compounds, while the adaptive immune system involves the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by receptors on the plant cell surface.