Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of immunity is primarily associated with B lymphocytes?
Which type of immunity is primarily associated with B lymphocytes?
- Innate immunity
- Adaptive immunity
- Cell-mediated immunity
- Humoral immunity (correct)
What mechanism do M.tuberculosis employ to evade the immune response?
What mechanism do M.tuberculosis employ to evade the immune response?
- Inhibit NF-kB signaling
- Block phagosome-lysosome fusion (correct)
- Mutate flagellin protein
- Deplete antibodies
What is the function of the NS1 protein in West Nile virus?
What is the function of the NS1 protein in West Nile virus?
- Promotes phagosome acidification
- Inhibits NF-kB and IRF activation (correct)
- Enhances PRR signaling
- Facilitates antibody binding
Which protein does Staphylococcus use to deplete antibodies?
Which protein does Staphylococcus use to deplete antibodies?
How do some pathogens interfere with the function of complement proteins?
How do some pathogens interfere with the function of complement proteins?
Where do T lymphocytes mature in the human body?
Where do T lymphocytes mature in the human body?
Which of the following pathogens is associated with protease-mediated destruction?
Which of the following pathogens is associated with protease-mediated destruction?
What is the role of the protein A in Staphylococcus?
What is the role of the protein A in Staphylococcus?
What type of T cells does Class I MHC present peptide fragments to?
What type of T cells does Class I MHC present peptide fragments to?
Where do the peptide fragments presented by Class II MHC come from?
Where do the peptide fragments presented by Class II MHC come from?
Which of the following statements regarding T lymphocytes is correct?
Which of the following statements regarding T lymphocytes is correct?
Which cells are considered professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Which cells are considered professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
What is the typical length of peptide fragments recognized by T lymphocytes?
What is the typical length of peptide fragments recognized by T lymphocytes?
Which type of MHC presents antigen fragments to CD4+ T cells?
Which type of MHC presents antigen fragments to CD4+ T cells?
B lymphocytes can recognize which types of biomolecules?
B lymphocytes can recognize which types of biomolecules?
What function does the Major Histocompatibility Complex perform?
What function does the Major Histocompatibility Complex perform?
What are the two major classes of light chains in antibodies?
What are the two major classes of light chains in antibodies?
Which light chain is the dominant form in human immunoglobulins?
Which light chain is the dominant form in human immunoglobulins?
What indicates an abnormal ratio of Kappa to Lambda light chains?
What indicates an abnormal ratio of Kappa to Lambda light chains?
How are the variable and constant regions of antibody chains differentiated?
How are the variable and constant regions of antibody chains differentiated?
Which fragment of an antibody is responsible for binding to antigens?
Which fragment of an antibody is responsible for binding to antigens?
What structure connects the heavy and light chains of an antibody?
What structure connects the heavy and light chains of an antibody?
An increase in Lambda light chains compared to Kappa chains may suggest which condition?
An increase in Lambda light chains compared to Kappa chains may suggest which condition?
What is the purpose of the constant region of an antibody?
What is the purpose of the constant region of an antibody?
What is a key advantage of vector-based vaccines?
What is a key advantage of vector-based vaccines?
What type of antigens can T cell independent antigens activate?
What type of antigens can T cell independent antigens activate?
Which of the following is NOT a challenge in the delivery of certain vaccines?
Which of the following is NOT a challenge in the delivery of certain vaccines?
What is a potential safety benefit associated with using vector-based vaccines?
What is a potential safety benefit associated with using vector-based vaccines?
What does the immune response to conjugated vaccines primarily promote?
What does the immune response to conjugated vaccines primarily promote?
Which pathogen is NOT mentioned as an example of a conjugated vaccine?
Which pathogen is NOT mentioned as an example of a conjugated vaccine?
What is a significant characteristic of secreted toxins in the context of vaccines?
What is a significant characteristic of secreted toxins in the context of vaccines?
Which statement regarding the immune response in infants is true?
Which statement regarding the immune response in infants is true?
What is the primary method used to produce an attenuated vaccine?
What is the primary method used to produce an attenuated vaccine?
How many boosters are generally required for an attenuated vaccine?
How many boosters are generally required for an attenuated vaccine?
Which of the following statements is true regarding inactivated vaccines?
Which of the following statements is true regarding inactivated vaccines?
What is a characteristic of the relative stability of attenuated vaccines?
What is a characteristic of the relative stability of attenuated vaccines?
Which process is used to inactivate pathogens in inactivated vaccines?
Which process is used to inactivate pathogens in inactivated vaccines?
Which aspect makes inactivated vaccines advantageous for developing countries?
Which aspect makes inactivated vaccines advantageous for developing countries?
What challenge is typically associated with the storage of attenuated vaccines?
What challenge is typically associated with the storage of attenuated vaccines?
What is a disadvantage of inactivated vaccines compared to attenuated vaccines?
What is a disadvantage of inactivated vaccines compared to attenuated vaccines?
Study Notes
Cellular Evasion Mechanisms
- Evasion Types: Pathogens utilize various strategies to evade detection and responses from the immune system.
- Proteobacteria: Mutated flagellin evades recognition by Toll-Like Receptor 5 (TLR5), assisting in humoral immunity.
- West Nile Virus: NS1 protein inhibits NF-kB and IRF signaling pathways, blocking PRR signaling and suppressing immune activation.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Prevents phagocyte killing by interfering with phagosome-lysosome fusion and acidification.
- Staphylococcus aureus: Depletes antibodies through protein A, which removes IgG via staphylokinase.
- Complement Systems: Binding and inactivation of complement proteins occur through mechanisms like SCIN from S. aureus disrupting C3cBbC3 convertase.
- Protease Activity: Pseudomonas and Streptococcus produce elastase alkaline phosphatase for protease-mediated destruction.
Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC)
- Class I MHC: Presents peptide fragments from cytosolic proteins to CD8+ T cells.
- Class II MHC: Presents peptide fragments from extracellular proteins to CD4+ T cells, found in professional antigen-presenting cells like dendritic cells and macrophages.
- Cluster of Differentiation (CD): Surface proteins on lymphocytes that assist in their identification and classification.
Activation of Adaptive Immunity
- B Lymphocytes: Recognize various macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids) and generate antibodies.
- T Lymphocytes: Recognize only peptide fragments presented by MHC, specifically 7-11 amino acids in length.
- MHC Presence: MHCs are located on all nucleated cells and are essential for T cell recognition of antigens.
Effector Functions of Adaptive Immunity
- B Cells: Central to humoral immunity, they produce antibodies that mediate responses against pathogens.
- Antibody Structure: Composed of two heavy chains and two light chains linked by disulfide bonds, containing variable and constant regions.
- Light Chain Types:
- Kappa (κ) Chain: Derived from a single exon and dominant in human immunoglobulins.
- Lambda (λ) Chain: Arises from multiple exons, making up 40% of human immunoglobulins.
Antigen-Antibody Interaction
- Antibodies: Produced in response to foreign antigens; crucial for humoral immunity.
Vaccine Types and Properties
- Attenuated Vaccines:
- Produced by selecting avirulent organisms; require only one booster.
- Less stable but can be mass-produced.
- Inactivated Vaccines:
- Consist of inactivated pathogens that need multiple boosters; more stable for distribution.
Conjugated and Vector-Based Vaccines
- Conjugated Vaccines: Activate immune systems to recognize bacteria, able to induce B cell response independently of T cells.
- Vector-Based Vaccines: Use attenuated pathogens to deliver target antigens, combining the benefits of live vaccines without reversion risk.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the cellular components of the immune system, particularly the evasion mechanisms employed by various bacteria. Students will explore how B cell and T cell lymphocytes function and their development from bone marrow. Test your understanding of immunological concepts and the role of pattern recognition receptors.
