Cellular Biology Midterm Review
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

  • To rapidly divide cells during mitosis.
  • To transport ions against their concentration gradient.
  • To concentrate specific large molecules inside a cell. (correct)
  • To facilitate passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane.

    • Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?

  • M phase
  • G0 phase
  • G1 phase
  • S phase (correct)

    • What occurs during the G1 checkpoint of the cell cycle?

  • Cytoplasmic division begins.
  • DNA replication is initiated.
  • A decision is made to continue with cell division. (correct)
  • Cells prepare to enter mitosis.

    • What is formed at the end of the mitosis process?

    <p>Two identical daughter cells with an equal number of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, how many total chromatids are present at the end of the S phase?

    <p>92 chromatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about all living organisms in relation to cells?

    <p>Cells are the smallest unit of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is included in the properties of life as common characteristics of organisms?

    <p>They can process energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

    <p>Energy can only be converted from one form to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the second law of thermodynamics in cellular processes?

    <p>It helps understand the increase of entropy and the need for energy input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells maintain a balanced internal environment known as what?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is essential for cells to continuously counteract the tendency of increasing entropy?

    <p>Cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cells adapt to their environment?

    <p>By changing their metabolism and behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the purpose of biostatistics in biology?

    <p>It helps in interpreting data through various procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main process of cell division in bacteria called?

    <p>Binary Fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of the cell cycle does the G1 checkpoint monitor?

    <p>Pre-DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of the G1 checkpoint?

    <p>Initiating apoptosis if cells are healthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the G1 checkpoint detects DNA damage?

    <p>Cell division is halted for repairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the process of apoptosis?

    <p>Activation of caspases by external signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if DNA replication begins before previous cell separation is complete in bacteria?

    <p>Improper separation of chromosomes may occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when cells stop dividing once a surface is fully covered?

    <p>Density dependent inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the bacterial cell divides during binary fission?

    <p>Cell membrane and wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of centrosomes during mitosis?

    <p>They act as poles of the mitotic spindle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do sister chromatids separate to opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the presence of X-shaped chromosomes?

    <p>The chromosomes are fully condensed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during prometaphase?

    <p>Centrosomes move to opposite poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In animal cells, what process occurs during cytokinesis?

    <p>Pinching of the cell membrane by the actomyosin ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the chromatid after anaphase?

    <p>It is pulled to opposite poles of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the nucleolus during prophase?

    <p>It disappears.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport process does not require energy input?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the completion of telophase?

    <p>Nuclear envelope reforms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the movement of solutes from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of co-transport in animal cells?

    <p>Na+/glucose co-transporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process relies on the endomembrane system for protein secretion?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes phagocytosis from pinocytosis?

    <p>Phagocytosis forms pseudopods; pinocytosis does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of bulk transport?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pump is the Na+/K+ ATPase?

    <p>Electrogenic pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about diffusion of one solute is true?

    <p>It is independent of the diffusion of another solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Biology Overview

    • Biology is a science focused on the study of life.
    • Scientific method involves systematic observation, measurement, experimentation, formulation, and testing of hypotheses.

    Biostatistics

    • Biostatistics encompasses procedures for interpreting biological data.
    • Includes two main types: descriptive and inferential statistics.

    Properties of Life

    • All organisms consist of cells, which are the basic unit of life (Cell Theory).
    • Cells display organization with specific parts (organelles) performing distinct functions.
    • Cells are constructed from similar atomic compositions and obey the laws of energy.

    Thermodynamics in Cells

    • First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy is conserved and transformed, not created or destroyed.
    • Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy tends to increase, requiring cells to intake energy continuously for metabolic activities.

    Cellular Metabolism and Homeostasis

    • Cells metabolize to carry out various chemical activities while maintaining internal balance (homeostasis).
    • Adaptation to environmental changes is crucial for cellular function.

    Transport Mechanisms

    • Movement within cells can be passive (no energy required) or active (requires energy).
    • Passive Transport: Includes diffusion and osmosis, where solutes move without energy input.
    • Active Transport: Involves solutes moving against their concentration gradient; ATP is utilized.
      • Examples: Na+/K+ ATPase pump, H+/ATPase pump.

    Bulk Transport

    • Large molecules utilize bulk transport mechanisms which require energy.
    • Exocytosis: Process where substances are expelled from the cell, e.g., insulin secretion.
    • Endocytosis: Involves the intake of materials:
      • Phagocytosis: Cell engulfs large particles or pathogens.
      • Pinocytosis: Cell ingests fluid and dissolved solutes without pseudopod formation.
      • Receptor-mediated endocytosis: Specific uptake process for larger molecules like LDL-cholesterol.

    The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

    • Mitosis serves key functions such as asexual reproduction and growth.
    • Results in two identical daughter cells maintaining chromosome number.
    • Key events include DNA replication, nuclear division (mitosis), and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis).

    Phases of the Cell Cycle

    • Interphase consists of G1 (cell growth and preparation), S (DNA synthesis), and G2 (final preparations for mitosis).
    • M Phase (Mitotic Phase) comprises prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, leading to cytokinesis.

    Mitosis Phases Explained

    • Prophase: Chromosomes condense, becoming visible; nucleolus disappears.
    • Prometaphase: Nuclear envelope breaks down; spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell equator.
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
    • Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes decondense; cytokinesis occurs.

    Bacterial Cell Division

    • Prokaryotic cells divide through binary fission, involving replication and separation of circular DNA.
    • Cell division is not synchronized with DNA replication; rapid division may lead to improper chromosome separation.

    Cell Cycle Checkpoints

    • Three major checkpoints ensure proper progression: G1, G2, and M checkpoints.
    • The G1 checkpoint monitors conditions like anchorage dependence, density inhibition, and DNA integrity.
    • DNA damage can induce apoptosis if not repairable, a process regulated by caspase activation.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts in Cellular Biology as part of the BIO-1 course pack. It includes notes and summaries focusing on the scientific method and foundational biology principles. Prepare for your midterm by testing your understanding of the material.

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