Cellular Biology Basics

Cellular Biology

• Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life
• Components of a cell:
  • Plasma membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell
  • Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes occur
  • Nucleus: contains DNA, the genetic material
  • Mitochondria: responsible for generating energy for the cell
• Cell membrane transport:
  • Passive transport: movement of molecules from high to low concentration (diffusion, osmosis)
  • Active transport: movement of molecules from low to high concentration (requires energy)

Tissue Biology

• Types of tissues:
  • Epithelial tissue: forms lining of organs and glands
  • Connective tissue: provides support and structure
  • Muscle tissue: responsible for movement
  • Nervous tissue: transmits and processes information
• Tissue functions:
  • Protection
  • Support
  • Movement
  • Regulation

Organ Systems

• Major organ systems:
  • Nervous system: controls and coordinates body functions
  • Circulatory system: transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
  • Respiratory system: brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide
  • Immune system: defends the body against pathogens
  • Digestive system: breaks down and absorbs nutrients
  • Endocrine system: regulates body functions through hormones
  • Integumentary system: protects the body from external damage

Human Physiology

• Homeostasis: the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment
• Negative feedback mechanisms: help maintain homeostasis by correcting deviations
• Physiological responses to stress:
  • Fight-or-flight response
  • General adaptation syndrome

Genetics

• DNA structure: double helix with sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases
• Genetic inheritance:
  • Autosomal dominant inheritance
  • Autosomal recessive inheritance
  • X-linked inheritance
• Genetic mutations:
  • Point mutations
  • Frameshift mutations
  • Chromosomal mutations

Infection and Immunity

• Chain of infection:
  • Pathogen
  • Reservoir
  • Portal of exit
  • Mode of transmission
  • Portal of entry
  • Susceptible host
• Immune responses:
  • Innate immunity
  • Adaptive immunity
  • Active and passive immunity
• Types of immunity:
  • Natural immunity
  • Acquired immunity
  • Herd immunity

Cellular Biology

• Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life
• Plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell
• Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes occur
• Nucleus contains DNA, the genetic material
• Mitochondria generates energy for the cell
• Passive transport occurs from high to low concentration (diffusion, osmosis)
• Active transport occurs from low to high concentration, requiring energy

Tissue Biology

• Epithelial tissue forms the lining of organs and glands
• Connective tissue provides support and structure
• Muscle tissue is responsible for movement
• Nervous tissue transmits and processes information
• Tissue functions include protection, support, movement, and regulation

Organ Systems

• Nervous system controls and coordinates body functions
• Circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
• Respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide
• Immune system defends the body against pathogens
• Digestive system breaks down and absorbs nutrients
• Endocrine system regulates body functions through hormones
• Integumentary system protects the body from external damage

Human Physiology

• Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment
• Negative feedback mechanisms help maintain homeostasis by correcting deviations
• Fight-or-flight response is a physiological response to stress
• General adaptation syndrome is a physiological response to stress

Genetics

• DNA has a double helix structure with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases
• Autosomal dominant inheritance is a type of genetic inheritance
• Autosomal recessive inheritance is a type of genetic inheritance
• X-linked inheritance is a type of genetic inheritance
• Point mutations, frameshift mutations, and chromosomal mutations are types of genetic mutations

Infection and Immunity

• Chain of infection includes pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host
• Innate immunity is a type of immune response
• Adaptive immunity is a type of immune response
• Active immunity and passive immunity are types of immunity
• Natural immunity, acquired immunity, and herd immunity are types of immunity