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Questions and Answers
What cell component is responsible for the synthesis and accumulation of carotenoids in red pepper cells?
What cell component is responsible for the synthesis and accumulation of carotenoids in red pepper cells?
- Chloroplasts (correct)
- Vacuoles
- Glyoxisomes
- Mitochondria
Which cell component aids in the conversion of fat to carbohydrates?
Which cell component aids in the conversion of fat to carbohydrates?
- Chloroplasts
- Microbodies (correct)
- Mitochondria
- Leucoplasts
What is the function of peroxisomes in a cell?
What is the function of peroxisomes in a cell?
- Synthesize carotenoids
- Release energy from cellular respiration
- Aid in starch synthesis
- Serve in photorespiration (correct)
What type of DNA molecule encodes for certain proteins for photosynthesis?
What type of DNA molecule encodes for certain proteins for photosynthesis?
Which organelle releases energy from cellular respiration?
Which organelle releases energy from cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of the cell wall?
What is the primary function of the cell wall?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane?
What is the primary function of plasmodesmata?
What is the primary function of plasmodesmata?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell nucleus?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell nucleus?
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
Which of the following is a component of the secondary cell wall?
Which of the following is a component of the secondary cell wall?
Which of the following organelles are found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
Which of the following organelles are found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
What is the primary difference between animal cells and plant cells in terms of obtaining energy?
What is the primary difference between animal cells and plant cells in terms of obtaining energy?
Which of the following structures is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
Which of the following structures is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
According to the endosymbiotic theory, which organelles are thought to have originated from endosymbiotic bacteria?
According to the endosymbiotic theory, which organelles are thought to have originated from endosymbiotic bacteria?
Which of the following is a component of cellular membranes?
Which of the following is a component of cellular membranes?
What are plasmodesmata in plant cells?
What are plasmodesmata in plant cells?
What happens to an animal cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution?
What happens to an animal cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution?
What happens to a plant cell when it is placed in an isotonic solution?
What happens to a plant cell when it is placed in an isotonic solution?
Which process is responsible for moving substances against a concentration gradient?
Which process is responsible for moving substances against a concentration gradient?
What is the term used to describe the shrinking of a cell due to water moving out in a hypertonic solution?
What is the term used to describe the shrinking of a cell due to water moving out in a hypertonic solution?
Which type of cells require a large amount of ATP for active transport?
Which type of cells require a large amount of ATP for active transport?
What is the name given to the carrier proteins involved in active transport processes?
What is the name given to the carrier proteins involved in active transport processes?
What is the primary role of the cell membrane according to the Fluid Mosaic Model?
What is the primary role of the cell membrane according to the Fluid Mosaic Model?
Which of the following processes requires energy in the form of ATP?
Which of the following processes requires energy in the form of ATP?
Which of the following statements about passive transport is correct?
Which of the following statements about passive transport is correct?
What is the primary difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
What is the primary difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
What is the primary driving force for the movement of molecules in passive transport processes?
What is the primary driving force for the movement of molecules in passive transport processes?
Which of the following statements best describes the role of the cell membrane in maintaining homeostasis?
Which of the following statements best describes the role of the cell membrane in maintaining homeostasis?
What is the main function of stroma in a chloroplast?
What is the main function of stroma in a chloroplast?
Which type of plastids synthesize and accumulate carotenoids in cells like red pepper?
Which type of plastids synthesize and accumulate carotenoids in cells like red pepper?
What is the main function of microbodies called peroxisomes in a cell?
What is the main function of microbodies called peroxisomes in a cell?
Which organelle releases energy from cellular respiration by increasing surface area through cristae?
Which organelle releases energy from cellular respiration by increasing surface area through cristae?
In mature cells, what percentage of the volume may be occupied by central vacuoles?
In mature cells, what percentage of the volume may be occupied by central vacuoles?
What is a key similarity between mitochondria and bacteria according to the endosymbiotic theory evidence?
What is a key similarity between mitochondria and bacteria according to the endosymbiotic theory evidence?
Which organelles are unique to plant cells and not typically found in animal cells?
Which organelles are unique to plant cells and not typically found in animal cells?
What is the primary function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
What is the primary function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
What is a defining characteristic of animal cells in terms of obtaining energy?
What is a defining characteristic of animal cells in terms of obtaining energy?
Which component is NOT a part of cellular membranes?
Which component is NOT a part of cellular membranes?
What is the main difference between animal and plant cells in terms of food production?
What is the main difference between animal and plant cells in terms of food production?
What is the function of plasmodesmata?
What is the function of plasmodesmata?
Which component is NOT part of the Fluid-Mosaic Model of the plasma membrane?
Which component is NOT part of the Fluid-Mosaic Model of the plasma membrane?
What is the primary role of the nucleus in a cell?
What is the primary role of the nucleus in a cell?
What is the main function of the cell wall in plant cells?
What is the main function of the cell wall in plant cells?
Which process involves the synthesis of lignin and cellulose microfibrils?
Which process involves the synthesis of lignin and cellulose microfibrils?
What is the purpose of the series of pores in plasmodesmata?
What is the purpose of the series of pores in plasmodesmata?
What is the primary driving force for the movement of molecules in passive transport processes?
What is the primary driving force for the movement of molecules in passive transport processes?
What is the process called when water travels from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration?
What is the process called when water travels from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration?
What is the term used to describe the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water?
What is the term used to describe the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water?
Which type of transport process requires a protein carrier and does not require energy?
Which type of transport process requires a protein carrier and does not require energy?
What is the term used to describe a solution that has a higher solute concentration than the cell's interior?
What is the term used to describe a solution that has a higher solute concentration than the cell's interior?
Which process is responsible for moving substances against their concentration gradient?
Which process is responsible for moving substances against their concentration gradient?
What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?
What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?
According to the endosymbiotic theory, which organelle is thought to have originated from cyanobacteria?
According to the endosymbiotic theory, which organelle is thought to have originated from cyanobacteria?
What is the primary role of microtubules in plant cells?
What is the primary role of microtubules in plant cells?
Which of the following is a key difference between animal cells and plant cells?
Which of the following is a key difference between animal cells and plant cells?
What is the primary function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
What is the primary function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
Cellulose microfibrils are embedded in ______ for strength.
Cellulose microfibrils are embedded in ______ for strength.
Plasmodesmata allow ______ and dissolved substances to pass between cells.
Plasmodesmata allow ______ and dissolved substances to pass between cells.
The ______ is the control center of the cell and contains DNA.
The ______ is the control center of the cell and contains DNA.
The ______ is the semipermeable outer boundary of the living part of the cell.
The ______ is the semipermeable outer boundary of the living part of the cell.
The ______ is responsible for the synthesis and accumulation of carotenoids in red pepper cells.
The ______ is responsible for the synthesis and accumulation of carotenoids in red pepper cells.
Peroxisomes are ______ involved in the conversion of fat to carbohydrates.
Peroxisomes are ______ involved in the conversion of fat to carbohydrates.
Sends coded messages from ______ to be used in other parts of the cell
Sends coded messages from ______ to be used in other parts of the cell
Bound by two membranes, which together constitute the ______ envelope
Bound by two membranes, which together constitute the ______ envelope
Structurally complex ______ occupy up to one-third of the total surface area
Structurally complex ______ occupy up to one-third of the total surface area
Rough ER - Ribosomes distributed on outer surface of ER.Associated with ______ synthesis and storage
Rough ER - Ribosomes distributed on outer surface of ER.Associated with ______ synthesis and storage
Smooth ER - Devoid of ribosomes and associated with ______ secretion
Smooth ER - Devoid of ribosomes and associated with ______ secretion
Subunits of ribosomes assembled in the ______
Subunits of ribosomes assembled in the ______
Chloroplasts contain a ______ that encodes for the production of certain proteins for photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts contain a ______ that encodes for the production of certain proteins for photosynthesis.
Chromoplasts in plant cells synthesize and accumulate ______.
Chromoplasts in plant cells synthesize and accumulate ______.
Mitochondria have ______ membranes and their own DNA and RNA.
Mitochondria have ______ membranes and their own DNA and RNA.
Peroxisomes and ______ are examples of microbodies found in cells.
Peroxisomes and ______ are examples of microbodies found in cells.
In mature plant cells, the central ______ may occupy up to 90% of the cell volume.
In mature plant cells, the central ______ may occupy up to 90% of the cell volume.
The Golgi body, also known as the ______, acts as the 'post office' of the cell.
The Golgi body, also known as the ______, acts as the 'post office' of the cell.
Chloroplasts contain structures called ______, which are made up of thylakoid membranes containing chlorophyll.
Chloroplasts contain structures called ______, which are made up of thylakoid membranes containing chlorophyll.
The ______ is the most conspicuous type of plastid, responsible for photosynthesis.
The ______ is the most conspicuous type of plastid, responsible for photosynthesis.
The ______ is a type of plastid that synthesizes and accumulates carotenoids in cells like red pepper.
The ______ is a type of plastid that synthesizes and accumulates carotenoids in cells like red pepper.
The ______ is a type of plastid that serves as a site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds.
The ______ is a type of plastid that serves as a site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds.
The ______ is a type of plastid that is found in aging or senescing cells.
The ______ is a type of plastid that is found in aging or senescing cells.
Active Transport requires a ______ protein
Active Transport requires a ______ protein
Simple diffusion involves the movement of small, non-polar molecules and water through micropores along concentration ______
Simple diffusion involves the movement of small, non-polar molecules and water through micropores along concentration ______
Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of ions and polar molecules with the help of a protein but no ______
Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of ions and polar molecules with the help of a protein but no ______
Passive transport involves no ATP requirement and the flow of molecules with the concentration ______
Passive transport involves no ATP requirement and the flow of molecules with the concentration ______
The Fluid Mosaic Model describes cell membranes as selectively ______
The Fluid Mosaic Model describes cell membranes as selectively ______
Cells can control their chemical composition despite changes in the external environment due to the membrane's ability to regulate the passage of molecules in and out of the cell, making it ______
Cells can control their chemical composition despite changes in the external environment due to the membrane's ability to regulate the passage of molecules in and out of the cell, making it ______
All cells come only from preexisting cells.
All cells come only from preexisting cells.
The plasma membrane is about 5 to 10 µm thick.
The plasma membrane is about 5 to 10 µm thick.
Large cells have a smaller surface area relative to volume.
Large cells have a smaller surface area relative to volume.
Prokaryotic cells contain DNA in the nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells contain DNA in the nucleus.
The cytoplasm contains a semifluid matrix known as cytosol.
The cytoplasm contains a semifluid matrix known as cytosol.
Diffusion in cells is affected by distance across the cell, but not temperature.
Diffusion in cells is affected by distance across the cell, but not temperature.
The Golgi body functions to modify proteins synthesized in the rough ER.
The Golgi body functions to modify proteins synthesized in the rough ER.
Chloroplasts are bound by a single membrane and contain grana made up of thylakoids.
Chloroplasts are bound by a single membrane and contain grana made up of thylakoids.
Leucoplasts are plastids responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.
Leucoplasts are plastids responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.
Grana in chloroplasts are the sites where the first steps of photosynthesis occur.
Grana in chloroplasts are the sites where the first steps of photosynthesis occur.
Plastids are organelles responsible for the storage of important chemical compounds in plant cells.
Plastids are organelles responsible for the storage of important chemical compounds in plant cells.
Chloroplasts are the most conspicuous type of plastid found in plant cells.
Chloroplasts are the most conspicuous type of plastid found in plant cells.
Tonoplasts are the vacuolar membranes that surround the cell sap in plant cells.
Tonoplasts are the vacuolar membranes that surround the cell sap in plant cells.
The cell sap in plant cells is always basic in nature.
The cell sap in plant cells is always basic in nature.
Microtubules are involved in the movement of flagella and cilia in plant cells.
Microtubules are involved in the movement of flagella and cilia in plant cells.
Plant cells lack cell walls, while animal cells have internal or external skeletons.
Plant cells lack cell walls, while animal cells have internal or external skeletons.
The endosymbiotic theory suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from symbiotic relationships with aerobic bacteria.
The endosymbiotic theory suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from symbiotic relationships with aerobic bacteria.
Plasmodesmata are pores that allow water and dissolved substances to pass between animal cells.
Plasmodesmata are pores that allow water and dissolved substances to pass between animal cells.
Chromoplasts are plastids that synthesize and accumulate carotenoids (yellow, orange, red) in plant cells.
Chromoplasts are plastids that synthesize and accumulate carotenoids (yellow, orange, red) in plant cells.
The stroma is the matrix of enzymes involved in cellular respiration.
The stroma is the matrix of enzymes involved in cellular respiration.
Leucoplasts are colorless plastids that may synthesize starches (amyloplasts) or oils (elaioplasts).
Leucoplasts are colorless plastids that may synthesize starches (amyloplasts) or oils (elaioplasts).
Mitochondria have a single membrane and lack their own DNA and RNA.
Mitochondria have a single membrane and lack their own DNA and RNA.
Glyoxisomes are a type of microbody that aid in the conversion of fat to carbohydrates.
Glyoxisomes are a type of microbody that aid in the conversion of fat to carbohydrates.
The Fluid Mosaic Model describes cell membranes as selectively permeable.
The Fluid Mosaic Model describes cell membranes as selectively permeable.
Facilitated diffusion requires energy in the form of ATP to transport molecules across the cell membrane.
Facilitated diffusion requires energy in the form of ATP to transport molecules across the cell membrane.
Chromoplasts in plant cells are responsible for the synthesis and accumulation of carotenoids.
Chromoplasts in plant cells are responsible for the synthesis and accumulation of carotenoids.
Mitochondria have only one membrane and their own DNA and RNA.
Mitochondria have only one membrane and their own DNA and RNA.
The primary function of the cell wall in plant cells is to provide structural support and protection.
The primary function of the cell wall in plant cells is to provide structural support and protection.
The central vacuole in mature plant cells may occupy up to 90% of the cell volume.
The central vacuole in mature plant cells may occupy up to 90% of the cell volume.
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Communication
- Cell wall:
- Flexible primary walls laid down on either side of middle lamella
- Secondary walls produced inside primary walls, derived from primary walls by thickening and inclusion of lignin
- Cellulose microfibrils embedded in lignin for strength
- Plasmodesmata:
- Series of pores that allow cytoplasmic strands to extend between cells
- Allow fluids and dissolved substances to pass between cells
- Cellular membranes:
- 4 components: Phospholipid Bilayer, Membrane Proteins, Interior Protein Network, and Cell-Surface markers
- Referred to as the Fluid-Mosaic Model
Cell Components
- Nucleus:
- Control center of cell and contains DNA
- Stroma - Matrix of enzymes involved in photosynthesis
- Small circular DNA molecule encodes for production of certain proteins for photosynthesis
- Mitochondria:
- Release energy from cellular respiration
- Double membranes, own DNA and RNA
- Folded inward membrane = cristae, increases surface area for enzymatic reactions
- Plastids:
- Chloroplast: site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds
- Chloroplast contains:
- Grana made up of thylakoids
- Thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll
- Stroma - Matrix of enzymes involved in photosynthesis
- Other plastids: Chromoplasts, Leucoplasts, Amyloplasts
- Microbodies:
- Small, spherical bodies distributed throughout the cytoplasm
- Contain specialized enzymes
- Bound by a single membrane
- Examples: Peroxisomes, Glyoxisomes
- Vacuoles:
- In mature cells, 90% of volume may be taken up by central vacuoles
- Bounded by vacuolar membranes = tonoplasts
- Filled with cell sap (slightly acidic)
- Acts to maintain pH, cell pressure, and storage for various metabolites
Cell-to-Cell Communication
- Plant cells:
- Freely permeable cell wall composed of cellulose
- Plasmodesmata = series of tiny pores between plant cells
- Animal cells:
- Internal or external skeletons; no cell walls
- Divided by pinching in two; no cell plate nor plasmodesmata
- Centrioles present during cell division
Osmosis and Cell Membrane Transport
- Osmosis:
- The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
- Water travels from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
- Cell membranes are selectively permeable:
- Regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell
- Allows cell to control chemical composition despite changing external environment
- Types of membrane transport:
- Passive transport: no ATP requirement, molecules flow with concentration gradient
- Active transport: requires carrier protein, molecules flow against concentration gradient, requires energy in form of ATP### Cell Theory
- All organisms are composed of cells
- Cells come only from preexisting cells
- Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of organisms
Cell Size Perspective
- 1 inch contains 25,400 micrometers (µm)
- Cell size is limited due to diffusion of substances in and out of the cell
- Diffusion is affected by surface area available, temperature, concentration gradient, and distance across the cell
Microscopes
- Dissection/Stereoscope: 3D, live, 40X magnification
- Light Microscope: 2D, live or dead, up to 2000X magnification, 120nm resolution
- Transmission Electron Microscope: 2D, dead, up to 100,000X magnification, 0.2nm resolution
- Scanning Electron Microscope: 3D, dead, up to 100,000X magnification, 10nm resolution
Cellular Components
Cell Membrane
- Phospholipid bilayer, 5-10 nm thick
- Selectively permeable, regulates passage of molecules in and out of the cell
Cell Membrane Transport
- Passive Transport: no ATP requirement, molecules flow with concentration gradient
- Active Transport: requires ATP, molecules flow against concentration gradient
Passive Transport Types
- Simple Diffusion: movement of small, non-polar molecules and water through micropores
- Facilitated Diffusion: diffusion of ions and polar molecules with the help of a protein
Golgi Body (Dictyosomes)
- Stacks of flattened discs or vesicles that act as the "post office" of the cell
- Functions: modify carbohydrates attached to proteins, assemble polysaccharides, and collect them in small vesicles
Plastids
- Site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell
- Types: Chloroplast, Chromoplast, Leucoplast, Gerontoplast
- Chloroplast: most conspicuous plastid, bound by double membrane, contains grana made up of thylakoids, and thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll
Cytoskeleton
- Involved in movement within cell and in cell's architecture
- Network of microtubules and microfilaments
- Microtubules: control addition of cellulose to cell wall, involved in movement of flagella and cilia
- Microfilaments: role in cytoplasmic streaming
Eukaryotic Cells
- Originated through endosymbiosis between aerobic bacteria and protomitochondrion
- Mitochondria from non-sulfur purple bacteria
- Chloroplast from cyanobacteria
Mitochondria
- Double membranes, own DNA and RNA
- Folded inward membrane = cristae, increases surface area for enzymatic reactions
Microbodies
- Small, spherical bodies distributed throughout the cytoplasm that contain specialized enzymes
- Peroxisomes: serve in photorespiration, breakdown hydrogen peroxide
- Glyoxisomes: aid in conversion of fat to carbohydrates
Vacuoles
- In mature cells, 90% of volume may be taken up by central vacuoles
- Filled with cell-sap (slightly acidic), maintains pH, cell pressure, and storage for a variety of secondary metabolites
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