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Questions and Answers
During aerobic cellular respiration, ATP is produced from ADP and inorganic ______ ions.
During aerobic cellular respiration, ATP is produced from ADP and inorganic ______ ions.
phosphate
Pyruvic acid is derived from ______ by the process of glycolysis.
Pyruvic acid is derived from ______ by the process of glycolysis.
sugars
Locomotion in flagellate protozoans is primarily achieved through the use of a ______.
Locomotion in flagellate protozoans is primarily achieved through the use of a ______.
flagellum
Cilia in filter feeders such as mussels create a flow of water for ______.
Cilia in filter feeders such as mussels create a flow of water for ______.
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Cilia may contribute to the movement of ova down the ______ in mammals.
Cilia may contribute to the movement of ova down the ______ in mammals.
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The contents of the cell may be divided into two broad areas: the ______ and the Cytoplasm.
The contents of the cell may be divided into two broad areas: the ______ and the Cytoplasm.
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Cytoplasm consists of an aqueous background material known as the ______, which consists of about 90% water.
Cytoplasm consists of an aqueous background material known as the ______, which consists of about 90% water.
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The cytoplasm contains complex networks of ______, which form the cytoskeleton.
The cytoplasm contains complex networks of ______, which form the cytoskeleton.
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The two distinct types of endoplasmic reticulum are Rough E.R. and ______ E.R.
The two distinct types of endoplasmic reticulum are Rough E.R. and ______ E.R.
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Rough E.R. has ______ attached to its outer surface and is concerned with the synthesis and transport of proteins.
Rough E.R. has ______ attached to its outer surface and is concerned with the synthesis and transport of proteins.
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Cytoplasm may act as a site for metabolic pathways such as ______.
Cytoplasm may act as a site for metabolic pathways such as ______.
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The chief function of Smooth E.R. includes the transport and synthesis of ______, including steroids.
The chief function of Smooth E.R. includes the transport and synthesis of ______, including steroids.
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Ribosomes are very small organelles functioning as sites for ______ synthesis.
Ribosomes are very small organelles functioning as sites for ______ synthesis.
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Ribosomes may associate together to form chains, known as ______.
Ribosomes may associate together to form chains, known as ______.
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The ______ apparatus is responsible for transporting and chemically modifying materials within the cell.
The ______ apparatus is responsible for transporting and chemically modifying materials within the cell.
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Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes known as ______ enzymes.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes known as ______ enzymes.
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Mitochondria are involved with ______ respiration.
Mitochondria are involved with ______ respiration.
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The inner membrane of the mitochondrion is folded inwards to form a number of folds known as ______.
The inner membrane of the mitochondrion is folded inwards to form a number of folds known as ______.
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Peroxisomes contain ______, which is used for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Peroxisomes contain ______, which is used for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
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The stacks of flattened plate-like cisternae in the Golgi apparatus are called ______.
The stacks of flattened plate-like cisternae in the Golgi apparatus are called ______.
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______ are membrane-bound vesicles involved in destroying old organelles.
______ are membrane-bound vesicles involved in destroying old organelles.
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Study Notes
Cell Ultrastructure and Function
- Cells are divided into two main areas: the Nucleus and the Cytoplasm.
- Collectively, these form the protoplasm.
- Cytoplasm is mainly composed of an aqueous background material (cytosol) which is approximately 90% water.
- It contains organelles and inclusions.
- The cytoskeleton, formed by microfilaments, gives the cell shape and support.
- Actin, a contractile protein, is part of the cytoskeleton.
- The cytosol is involved in endocytosis, exocytosis, and cytoplasmic streaming (motility).
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a complex membrane system of flattened vesicles (cisternae) found around other organelles like mitochondria, or in a tubular form.
- There are two types of ER: rough ER and smooth ER.
- Rough ER has ribosomes on its outer surface, involved in protein synthesis and transport. It connects with the nuclear envelope.
- Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification, especially in the liver. It also stores calcium in skeletal muscle.
- Ribosomes are small organelles (20nm in diameter) responsible for protein synthesis.
- They are found attached to rough ER, or free in the cytoplasm, or within mitochondria and chloroplasts.
- Ribosomes are composed of two subunits containing RNA and protein.
- Ribosomes can associate to form polyribosomes (polysomes) during protein synthesis.
- The Golgi apparatus is a complex of flattened membrane-bound vesicles (cisternae) or saccules.
- It processes, sorts, and modifies proteins and lipids received from the ER.
- It is important for secretion to other locations.
- It forms lysosomes.
- Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes (lysitic enzymes).
- They are involved in digesting unwanted material, old organelles and even entire cells.
- Peroxisomes are vesicles containing catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide.
- They are linked to phagocytosis.
- Mitochondria are small elongated organelles (2-5µm long) found in all eukaryotic cells.
- They have a double membrane system or envelope.
- The inner membrane folds into cristae, increasing the surface area for chemical processes.
- Mitochondria are involved in aerobic cellular respiration, converting energy-rich substrates into ATP.
- They contain limited DNA and ribosomes.
- Found in high abundance in high-energy cells (liver, muscles).
- Chloroplasts are organelles responsible for photosynthesis.
- They are enclosed by two membranes and contain thylakoids (which contain chlorophyll) stacked in grana.
- The stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids.
- Chloroplasts contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
- Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs found in plant cells.
- They store water, nutrients, waste products, and other substances.
- The central vacuole maintains turgor pressure in plant cells.
- The cellulose cell wall surrounds plant cells, providing rigidity and strength.
- Plasmodesmata are connections between plant cells, allowing cytoplasm exchange.
- Microtubules form part of the cytoskeleton and are involved in maintaining cell shape, cell division, vesicle transport, and cell motility.
- Cilia and flagella are hair-like structures involved in movement. Cilia are for moving fluids, flagella for propelling cells.
- They contain microtubules.
- Microvilli are small projections on the surface of certain cells (intestines) which increase surface area for absorption of molecules.
- Cell junctions (tight, gap, desmosomes) are important for holding together tissues in various parts of the body.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to cell ultrastructure, including the roles of the nucleus and cytoplasm, organelles, the cytoskeleton, and types of endoplasmic reticulum. Understand the composition and functions of these cell components and their importance in cellular activities like protein synthesis and lipid detoxification.
