Cell Transport Mechanisms Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of transport mechanism does Pump2 represent?

  • Symport
  • Antiport (correct)
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Passive diffusion

    • Moving Mg2+ ions out of the vesicle creates a charge difference across the membrane after one minute.

    False

    What will be the concentration of K+ inside the vesicle after 1 minute?

    Higher than 100 µM

    In Experiment 1, after 1 minute, the concentration of _______ will be higher outside the vesicle.

    <p>Mg2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which channel is responsible for the passive movement of K+ ions in Experiment 2?

    <p>Pot3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATP is required for the function of the potassium leak channel, Pot3.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion will be at a higher concentration outside of the vesicle after 1 minute?

    <p>Mg2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Will the vesicle in Experiment 2 contain K+ after two minutes? Explain your answer.

    <p>Yes, due to the electrochemical gradient of K+ that will allow it to enter the vesicle through Pot3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The membrane is permeable to both K+ and Mg2+.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ions are initially present inside and outside the vesicle?

    <p>Mg2+, K+, and ATP, each at 100 µM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ions with their expected location after the experiments:

    <p>Mg2+ = Higher outside in Experiment 1 K+ = Enter through Pot3 in Experiment 2 ATP = Present both inside and outside in Experiment 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After 1 minute, K+ will flow down its ______ gradient due to the presence of channels.

    <p>electrochemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ions with their respective characteristics in the experiment:

    <p>K+ = Flows down its electrochemical gradient Mg2+ = Remains at a constant concentration ATP = Provides energy for Pump2 activity Pump2 = Transports ions across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component that your friend wants to express using the lac operon promoter?

    <p>GFP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EcoRV is one of the restriction enzymes used to cut the plasmid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Pump2 in this experiment?

    <p>To move ions against their concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    K+ will be closest to its equilibrium potential after 1 minute.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many linear pieces will be created when the plasmid is cut with XbaI and EcoRV?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain why K+ will be at a higher concentration inside the vesicle after one minute.

    <p>K+ moves down its electrochemical gradient, and since the membrane is permeable to K+, it will leave the vesicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The CAP activator binds to the ______ binding site in the lac operon.

    <p>CAP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the restriction enzymes with their role:

    <p>XbaI = Cuts DNA at specific sites EcoRV = Cuts DNA at specific sites CAP = Activates transcription Lac repressor = Inhibits transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lac repressor binds to the CAP binding site.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can an XbaI-EcoRV fragment from the lac operon be found in a cDNA library? Provide a brief explanation.

    <p>No, cDNA libraries contain complementary DNA synthesized from mRNA and do not contain genomic DNA sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cutting the plasmid with XbaI and EcoRV in this context?

    <p>To create sticky ends for ligation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cDNA libraries contain?

    <p>mRNA derived sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The operator sequence that binds to the lac repressor is included in the Xba1-EcoRV fragment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is used to join the nicks in the sugar phosphate backbone when creating a new plasmid?

    <p>DNA ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When glucose is absent, cAMP levels will be ______, leading to CAP binding and transcription of the GFP gene.

    <p>high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the genes to their associated functions:

    <p>LacZ = Encodes β-galactosidase GFP = Fluorescent protein CAP = Regulatory protein lac operon = Regulates lactose metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the absence of glucose and lactose, will the GFP gene be transcribed?

    <p>Yes, it will be transcribed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Write the amino acid sequence encoded by the peptide SCRKML.

    <p>Serine-Cysteine-Arginine-Lysine-Methionine-Leucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function of the lac operon is to regulate ______ metabolism.

    <p>lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was the sequence of the human genome first published?

    <p>2001</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans have approximately 20 million protein-coding genes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules would cause a stop in DNA replication when added to the process?

    <p>dideoxy nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of the human genome is made up of ___________ percent coding regions.

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the scientific concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Ribosome = Site of protein synthesis Vacuole = Storage organelle in cells Nucleus = Contains the genetic material Endosome = Involved in material transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme's function was crucial for sequencing the human genome?

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human genome contains more exons than introns.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genome of eukaryotic organisms can be primarily found in the _____________.

    <p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human cells add cholesterol to their membranes to make them stiffer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Creation of NADH molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When there is not enough oxygen, pyruvate is converted to __________.

    <p>lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules are detergents considered to be in relation to studying membrane proteins?

    <p>amphipathic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The citric acid cycle is a linear pathway that occurs within the mitochondria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for cloning vectors to successfully replicate DNA in a cell?

    <p>An origin of replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Cholesterol = Makes cell membranes stiffer Citric acid cycle = Energy-producing metabolic pathway Lactic acid = Product of anaerobic respiration Detergents = Molecules that can interact with lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Detergents are __________ molecules that can interact with charged and non-polar parts of lipids.

    <p>amphipathic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Exam 2 – Biology 210/212 – November 4, 2024

    • Instructions:
      • Two points for correctly filling in exam information.
      • 100 points total.
      • 50 minutes to complete exam.
      • Answer easier questions first, and return to more difficult ones.

    Question 1: Glycolysis (Step 1)

    • Phosphorylation of Glucose:
      • Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose -> glucose-6-phosphate.
      • ∆G° for this reaction = +12.8 kJ/mol (unfavorable).
    • Coupling with ATP Hydrolysis:
      • ATP hydrolysis (ATP → ADP + Pi) has ∆G° = -30.6 kJ/mol (favorable).
      • The coupling of the two reactions makes the overall reaction favorable (∆G° = -17.8 kJ/mol).

    Question 2: Drosophila Hexokinase Gene

    • Hexokinase Gene:
      • The gene sequence in Drosophila is known to show the locations and sequences.
    • Primers for Amplification:
      • Specific primers are needed. The correct primers sequences are:
        • 5'-GTATCCGGACATGAT-3'
        • 5'-AGTCCATCTACGCAT-3'
    • Taq Polymerase Extension:
      • Next seven bases for the top strand primer:
        • 5'-CTTTCAT-3'

    Question 3: Antiport Pump2

    • Pump2 Function:
      • Pump2 moves Mg2+ out of, and K+ into the vesicle.
    • Experiment 1:
      • Initial concentrations of Mg2+, K+, and ATP are 100 µM inside and outside the vesicle.
      • K+ will be at higher concentration inside the vesicle.
      • Mg2+ will be at higher concentration outside the vesicle.
      • No charge difference will be created.
    • Experiment 2:
      • Potassium leak channel (Pot3) is present and Mg2+, K+, and ATP are at 100 µM outside, and 100µM ATP inside.
      • Vesicle will contain K+.
    • Experiment 3:
      • Pump2 and Pot3 proteins are both present.
      • Mg2+ will be at higher concentration outside the vesicle.
    • Equilibrium Potential:
      • K+ is closest to its equilibrium potential.
      • It flows down electrochemical gradient, leading to more K+ inside

    Question 4: GFP Expression from Lac Operon

    • Creating the Plasmid:
      • XbaI and EcoRV sites are used to cut the DNA fragment for the lac operon promoter before transcription.
      • The fragment is added to a plasmid cut using the same enzymes.
    • DNA Library and Enzyme:
      • A cDNA library is made from mRNA but does not include non-transcribed regions.
      • DNA ligase is needed to rejoin the DNA fragments in the plasmid.
    • Lac Operon and Glucose:
      • No lactose is present; cAMP levels will be high, CAP will bind, and GFP will be transcribed.
    • RNA Sequence:
      • 5'-GAGCTGCCGTAAGATGCTTAG-3'
        • 3'-CTCGACGGCATTCTACGAATC-5'

    Question 5: Enzyme Glp2 and Fat Cells

    • Glp2 Function:
      • Enzyme that affects fat cell function
    • Glp2 and GFP Expression:
      • Glp2 regulatory region is placed upstream of the GFP gene.
      • GFP expression is seen in fat cells, not blood cells (as expected) in experiment 1.
    • DBP1 and DBP2 - Activator/Repressor:
      • DBP1 (binds to site A) acts as a repressor
      • DBP2 (binds to site B) acts as an activator

    Question 6: Amino Acid Preferences

    • Amino Acid for α-helix:
      • Alanine and valine are favored for use in an alpha-helix that spans a membrane bilayer.

    Question 7: Fill-in-the-blanks

    • Fill-in-the-blank: These contain information on various scientific terms, dates, numbers, etc.

    Question 8: True/False Statements

    • True/False Statements: These consist of various statements that students need to evaluate as true or false based on biological principles.

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    F24 Biology 210/212 Exam 2 Key PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of the transport mechanisms in cellular biology. This quiz covers ion concentrations, channel functions, and vesicle integrity based on different experimental setups. Explore the concepts of active and passive transport as well as the role of ATP.

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