Cell Transport Concepts

A type of membrane transport that requires energy (ATP) to move molecules across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient (from low to high concentration).

A process that moves large molecules or particles across the cell membrane. It requires energy (ATP) and does not rely on a concentration gradient.

A type of bulk transport where the cell membrane engulfs and takes in large molecules or particles from the outside.

A type of bulk transport where the cell releases large molecules or particles from the inside using vesicles.

Structures found within the thylakoid of chloroplasts that absorb sunlight and convert it into chemical energy.

A series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane that transfer electrons from one protein to the next.

The first stage of photosynthesis that occurs in the thylakoid membrane and requires sunlight.

The process of creating ATP from light energy during the light dependent reactions.

The process where plants capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and bring it into their leaves through tiny openings called stomata, where it's then used in the dark reactions.

The process of combining hydrogen with carbon dioxide to create glucose within the plant.

The process where ATP and NADPH provide energy for the dark reaction, turning into ADP and NADP+ in the process.

The part of photosynthesis where light energy is absorbed by chloroplasts and used to produce ATP and NADPH.

The part of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is combined with hydrogen to form glucose, using energy from ATP and NADPH.

The process where cells break down food molecules (like glucose) to release energy in the form of ATP.

This is the process where cells break down glucose in the presence of oxygen to release energy in the form of ATP.

Breathing is the physical process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide, while respiration is the chemical process where energy is released from food.

The tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi, made of cartilage rings. Helps us breathe even when lying down.

The main organs of respiration, located in the chest cavity, responsible for gas exchange. Divided into lobes, each lung can function independently.

A dome-shaped muscle at the base of the chest cavity that helps us breathe by expanding and contracting.

The main airways into the lungs, branching from the trachea. Equipped with tiny hairs called cilia.

Smaller air passages inside the lungs that branch from the bronchi.

Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.

The process of exchanging gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment. Essential for respiration and energy production.

The physical breakdown of food through chewing, grinding, and other physical actions.

The small intestine is the main organ of digestion, responsible for breaking down food into usable nutrients, like proteins, starches and fats, and then absorbing them into the body.

The small intestine is divided into three sections: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Each section plays a role in digestion and absorption.

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestine. These enzymes break down proteins and carbohydrates.

Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps break down fats in the small intestine, making them easier to digest.

The large intestine absorbs most of the water in the digestive juices. It also helps with forming waste products.

The process where water molecules are split into hydrogen and oxygen using sunlight energy in Photosystem II.

The light reactions produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH. Oxygen is a waste product, while ATP and NADPH are energy-rich molecules used in the Calvin Cycle.

The Calvin Cycle uses carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH to produce glucose (sugar) in the stroma of the chloroplast. This process is not directly dependent on sunlight, but still occurs during the day.

The first step of the Calvin cycle where carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stomata and is converted into carbohydrates.

The second step of the Calvin cycle where ATP and NADPH are used to convert the 'fixed' carbon into usable sugars.

The final step of the Calvin cycle where leftover hydrogen from photolysis is combined with carbon dioxide to create glucose.

During the Calvin Cycle, ATP (high-energy molecule) loses energy and becomes ADP (low-energy molecule).

Similar to ATP, NADPH (high-energy molecule) loses energy and becomes NADP+ (low-energy molecule) during the Calvin Cycle.

A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds a cell, controlling what enters and exits. It's made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

The structure of the cell membrane, described as a sea of phospholipids with proteins floating within, allowing for flexibility and movement.

The main components of the cell membrane, forming a double layer (bilayer) with their hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails inward.

Movement of small molecules across the cell membrane from a high concentration area to a low concentration area, directly through the membrane.

The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a high water concentration to a low water concentration.

Movement of larger molecules across the cell membrane with the help of transport proteins, following the concentration gradient.