Cell Transport Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the small intestine?

Chemical digestion and nutrient absorption (correct)

To store undigested food

To produce bile

To kill germs

Which section of the small intestine is primarily responsible for mixing food with digestive juices?

Ileum

Duodenum (correct)

Jejunum

Cecum

What function does bile serve in the digestive system?

Digests starch

Kills germs

Absorbs nutrients

Breaks down fats (correct)

Which organ stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine?

Gallbladder Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of water is reabsorbed in the large intestine?

90% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary waste product released during the process of Photolysis?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules are required for the Dark Reactions/Calvin Cycle to occur?

Carbon Dioxide and NADPH Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the chloroplast do the Dark Reactions take place?

Stroma Signup and view all the answers

What are the end products formed after Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle?

Sugars and ADP Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to ATP and NADPH during the Calvin Cycle?

They release energy and convert into less energetic forms Signup and view all the answers

During what stage does Carbon Dioxide enter the leaf for the Calvin Cycle?

Carbon Fixation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the leftover hydrogen after Photolysis?

It combines with Carbon Dioxide to form sugars Signup and view all the answers

How are NADPH and ATP utilized in the process of Dark Reactions?

They provide the energy required for Carbon Fixation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product of the Calvin Cycle in plants?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which process requires sunlight and water?

Light Reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between cellular respiration and breathing?

Breathing allows for gas exchange, while respiration releases energy. Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the cell does cellular respiration primarily take place?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Which set of molecules enters the dark reactions of photosynthesis?

ATP, NADPH, and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is formed as waste during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about aerobic respiration is true?

It breaks down molecules to release energy in the presence of oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation that summarizes the process of cellular respiration?

$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 -> 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the trachea in the respiratory system?

To connect the larynx to the bronchi Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of the lungs?

Spongelike organs divided into lobes Signup and view all the answers

What role does the diaphragm play in the respiratory process?

It expands and contracts to facilitate breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of bronchi in the respiratory system?

To transport air from the trachea into the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What function do alveoli serve in the lungs?

To perform gas exchange between air and blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of gas exchange in the context of respiration?

The exchange of gases like O₂ and CO₂ between an organism and its environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about bronchioles is true?

They branch off from the bronchi and lead to the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What process in the digestive system precedes digestion?

Ingestion of food into the body Signup and view all the answers

What role does cholesterol play in the cell membrane?

Improves stability and fluidity of the membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport moves molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the Fluid Mosaic Model allows selective passage of molecules?

It is semi-permeable Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes requires a membrane protein for transport?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What do simple diffusion and osmosis have in common?

Both do not require membrane proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is primarily responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell membrane?

Membrane proteins Signup and view all the answers

In which type of transport do molecules move through a semipermeable membrane without the need for ATP or energy?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What describes the movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport uses ATP to move large molecules into the cell?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the first process that takes place in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Excitation of electrons in Photosystem 2 Signup and view all the answers

What role do carrier proteins play in cellular transport?

Move molecules against their concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of bulk transport?

Operates only with a concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

Which structure collects sunlight during the light-dependent reactions?

Thylakoid Signup and view all the answers

What happens to electrons as they move through Electric Transport Chain 1?

They lose energy and produce ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is phagocytosis commonly referred to as?

Cell eating Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

They involve carbon fixation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Transport

Important concepts include diffusion, osmosis, active transport, passive transport, and bulk transport.
The cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane.
It is made up of two phospholipid layers.
Cholesterol improves membrane stability, fluidity, and compaction.
Phospholipids form a barrier and are the majority of the cell membrane's structure.
Membrane proteins help transport molecules and maintain cell shape.
Passive transport moves molecules from high to low concentration gradients and does not require energy.
Simple diffusion involves solid and gas molecules moving across a semi-permeable membrane from high to low concentration.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from high to low concentration.
Facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins to help move molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from high to low concentration.
Active transport moves molecules against the concentration gradient from low to high concentration and requires energy (ATP).
Bulk transport moves large molecules across the membrane, utilizing ATP and not following concentration gradients.
Endocytosis captures large molecules by engulfing them into the cell membrane.
Exocytosis releases waste or large molecules out of the cell via vesicles.

Photosynthesis

Light-dependent reactions require sunlight and occur in the thylakoid.
Photosystems collect sunlight and convert it to chemical energy.
There are two photosystems (Photosystem 1 and Photosystem 2) in the thylakoid.
Light excites electrons in photosystem 2, which travel through the electron transport chain.
During this process, ATP and NADPH are produced.
The light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) do not directly require sunlight, but use ATP and NADPH formed during the light-dependent reactions.
Carbon fixation is the first step of the Calvin cycle, converting carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
Dark Reactions/Calvin Cycle use carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH to build sugars/glucose.
Dark reactions take place in the stroma.

Cellular Respiration

Organisms break down organic molecules to generate energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Cellular respiration mainly takes place in the mitochondria.
Two types of respiration are Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration is a process in which glucose and oxygen are used to generate ATP. This also produces carbon dioxide and water.
Anaerobic respiration is an alternative pathway when oxygen is not available.
Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration.
Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid.

The Human Respiratory System

The respiratory system includes the nose/nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
The nostrils filter, warm, and humidify incoming air.
The mouth can serve as an alternate entry point for air if needed.
The pharynx is a pathway for both air and food.
The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea.
The larynx contains the vocal cords.
The trachea is the windpipe, connecting the larynx to the bronchi.
The lungs are sponge-like organs where gas exchange occurs.
The bronchi branch into bronchioles.
The bronchioles lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
The diaphragm plays a crucial role in breathing.

The Human Digestive System

The digestive system breaks down food into smaller nutrients to be absorbed by the body.
Functions of the digestive system include ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion.
Ingestion involves the intake of food.
Mechanical digestion involves physical processes like chewing and grinding.
Chemical digestion involves enzymes that break down food molecules.
Absorption involves taking digested nutrients into the bloodstream.
Egestion involves the removal of undigested materials.
Different types of teeth and locations in the digestive tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine) have specific functions.
Organs like the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder secrete digestive enzymes and fluids into the small intestine during digestion.

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of cell transport including diffusion, osmosis, active and passive transport, and the structure of the cell membrane. Understand how phospholipids and membrane proteins function to maintain cell stability and facilitate molecule movement. Test your knowledge and comprehension of these fundamental biological processes.