Cell Theory: Original and Modern Perspectives

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of B cells in the adaptive immune response?

Producing physical barriers to pathogens
Recognizing specific antigens and producing antibodies (correct)
Destroying infected body cells directly
Activating other immune cells

Which of the following best describes the response time in the innate immune system?

Delayed response to infections
Immediate response to pathogens (correct)
Requires prior exposure to pathogens
Only activates in severe infections

What characteristic distinguishes the adaptive immune response from the innate immune response?

It involves phagocytosis.
It involves only physical barriers.
It provides specific immunity and has memory. (correct)
It has no memory.

Which type of T cell is primarily responsible for attacking virus-infected cells and cancer cells?

Killer T cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the major mechanism of action for phagocytes in the innate immune response?

Phagocytosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Memory T cells is correct?

They remain in the bloodstream for a long time after infection. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which key component is NOT part of the adaptive immune response?

Physical barriers (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the speed of response differ between the innate and adaptive immune responses?

Innate is immediate, adaptive is delayed. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary factors that can cause diseases in humans?

External factors and internal dysfunctions (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disease is primarily caused by a deficiency of nutrients over an extended period?

Deficiency diseases (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do viruses typically cause infections in their host cells?

By hijacking the machinery of host cells to replicate themselves (C) Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is primarily involved in the first line of defense against pathogens in the human body?

Physical barriers and traps (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the core concepts of cell theory?

All organisms contain one or more cells and their products. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathogens is NOT typically classified as a prokaryote?

Viruses (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is characterized by having a cell wall?

Both B and C (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?

To control cellular activities and store genetic information (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is an example of a hereditary disease?

Cystic fibrosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of the innate immune response?

It is the body’s immediate response to pathogens (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do organ systems maintain health and function in an organism?

Through interconnected mechanisms that support one another. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension of health focuses on mental well-being and social connections?

Mental health (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen type is known to spread through direct physical contact, such as touching an infected surface?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What defines a disease in the context of biological health?

An abnormal condition affecting the structure or function of an organism. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the adaptive immune response?

It involves memory cells and targets specific pathogens. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response is mainly responsible for the body's first defense against pathogens?

Innate immune response (D) Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Cell Theory

Organisms consist of one or more cells and their products.
Cellular life arises from pre-existing cells.
Cells are specialized for distinct functions.
Cells are the simplest living units in biological hierarchy.
Modern cell theory includes:
- Energy flow occurs within cells.
- Hereditary information (DNA) is passed from one cell to another.
- All cells share a similar chemical composition.

Types of Cells

Animal Cells: Multicellular, lacking cell walls, and varying in function.
Plant Cells: Contain cell walls, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and large vacuoles.
Bacterial Cells: Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms without a nucleus.
Fungal Cells: Eukaryotic, may have cell walls made of chitin.
Protist Cells: Diverse eukaryotic organisms, mainly unicellular.
Archaeal Cells: Prokaryotic, extremophiles differing from bacteria.
Sperm Cells: Male gametes involved in reproduction.
Egg Cells (Ova): Female gametes that fuse with sperm.

Cell Organelles

Cell Membrane: Acts as a barrier and regulates entry/exit of substances.
Nucleus: The control center containing DNA.
Vacuole: Storage for substances; prominent in plant cells (80% of volume).
Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance holding organelles.
Cell Wall: Provides structure and support in plant cells.

Biological Organization

Cells: Basic unit of life.
Tissues: Groups of similar cells working together.
Organs: Groups of tissues functioning collectively.
Organ Systems: Collections of organs coordinating activities.
Organism: Any living entity, consisting of one or more cells.

Interdependence of Organ Systems

Organ systems collaborate to maintain health and functionality of the organism.
Example: Circulatory system delivers nutrients from the digestive system to cells.

Dimensions of Health

Physical: Relates to bodily health and functioning.
Mental: Pertains to psychological well-being.
Social: Involves relationships and interactions with others.

Understanding Disease

Diseases: Abnormal conditions impacting structure/function, not caused by injury.
Innate Immune Response: Quick, non-specific reaction to pathogens.
Adaptive Immune Response: Delayed reaction, builds memory against specific pathogens.

Innate vs. Adaptive Immune Response

Innate Immune Response:
- Immediate response time.
- Non-specific.
- Components: Barriers, phagocytes, NK cells.
- No memory retention.
Adaptive Immune Response:
- Delayed response time.
- Highly specific.
- Components: B cells, T cells, antibodies.
- Memory formation present.

White Blood Cells (WBCs) in the Adaptive Immune Response

B cells: Recognize specific antigens and produce antibodies.
T cells:
- Helper T cells: Activate other immune cells.
- Killer T cells: Attack infected or cancerous body cells.
- Memory T cells: Retain information of pathogens for a quicker response.

How Antibodies Work

Diseases manifest through specific signs and symptoms.
Caused by external factors (pathogens) or internal dysfunctions.
Four main disease types:
- Infectious: Caused by pathogens (e.g., chickenpox, COVID-19).
- Deficiency: Resulting from nutrient shortages (e.g., scurvy).
- Hereditary: Genetic-based conditions (e.g., cystic fibrosis).
- Physiological: Malfunction of organs (e.g., diabetes).

Types of Pathogens and Their Transmission

Pathogens: Include parasites, prokaryotes, viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
Transmission methods:
- Droplet contact: From coughing or sneezing.
- Direct physical contact: Skin-to-skin interactions.
- Indirect contact: Via contaminated surfaces.

Viral Infections

Viruses can destroy or disrupt host cell function.
They replicate by invading host cells and hijacking their machinery.
Infected cells produce viral particles, which are released to infect more cells.

Lines of Defense Against Pathogens

First Line: Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes) prevent pathogen entry.

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