Cell Theory: Origin and Experiments
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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which cells arise according to the cell theory?

  • Viral invasion
  • Spontaneous generation
  • Cell division (correct)
  • Prion formation
  • Which scientist played a crucial role in proving the rejection of spontaneous generation?

  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
  • Rudolph Carl Wirchow
  • Louis Pasteur (correct)
  • Francesco Redi
  • What was the significant outcome of Francesco Redi's experiment with meat and containers?

  • Maggots only appeared in the gauze-covered container
  • Maggots appeared in all containers
  • Maggots only appeared in the open container (correct)
  • Maggots only appeared in the sealed container
  • How do viruses reproduce based on the exception to the cell theory?

    <p>By invading host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an exception to the cell theory mentioned in the text?

    <p>Prions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Louis Pasteur demonstrate the rejection of spontaneous generation in his experiment with broth?

    <p>By boiling the broth and sealing the flask</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first scientist to observe cells?

    <p>Robert Hooke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist discovered single-celled bacteria?

    <p>Anton van Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who formulated the cell theory for animals?

    <p>Theodore Schwann</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who studied cell theory in plants?

    <p>Matthias Jakob Schleiden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist demonstrated that maggots do not spontaneously generate from rotten meat?

    <p>Francesco Redi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the internal membrane-bound organelles typically absent in cytoplasmic structures?

    <p>Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process does not occur in the cytoplasmic structure as described in the text?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of beneficial bacteria in the biosphere?

    <p>Convert atmospheric nitrogen to useful nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Louis Pasteur in the field of microbiology?

    <p>Conducted experiments disproving spontaneous generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Francesco Redi contribute to the field of microbiology?

    <p>Conducted experiments on maggots disproving spontaneous generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a pathogenic bacteria characteristic?

    <p>Contribute to cell shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Discovery of Cells

    • Robert Hooke (1665) discovered cells while looking through a slice of cork and described them as tiny boxes or honeycombs.
    • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673) used his handmade microscope to view samples from a pond and discovered single-celled bacteria.

    The Cell Theory

    • The cell theory consists of three main points:
      • All living things are composed of one or more cells.
      • The cell is the structural unit of life.
      • Cells arise only by division from a pre-existing cell.
    • The cell theory rejects the theory of spontaneous generation (living organisms develop from non-living organisms).

    Exceptions to the Cell Theory

    • Viruses:
      • Cannot reproduce on their own.
      • Must invade a host cell and utilize the host's genetic material to reproduce.
      • Are they living or not?
    • Prions:
      • A type of protein that can cause abnormality in protein folding in the brain.
      • Exception to the cell theory.
    • Multinucleated organelles:
      • Subcellular organelles that carry information and replicate independently.

    Prokaryotic Cells

    • Characteristics:
      • No internal membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, and lysosomes.
      • No chloroplasts.
      • Photosynthesis usually takes place in infoldings or extensions derived from the cytoplasmic membrane.
      • No meiosis/mitosis/mitotic spindle.
      • May contain only actin-like proteins that, along with the cell wall, contribute to cell shape.

    Significance of Bacteria to Humans

    • Beneficial bacteria:
      • Nitrogen-fixation in the biosphere (convert atmospheric nitrogen to useful nitrogen).
      • Decomposition in the biosphere (live on dead organisms, nature's recyclers).
    • Pathogenic bacteria:
      • Cause diseases by producing poisons/toxins, proteins that cause illness, and cell wall secretion that leads to fever, aches, and shock.
      • Many diseases have declined due to better health and sanitation procedures.
      • The rise of strains resistant to antibiotics is on the rise, making treatment more difficult.

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    Description

    Explore the origin and key experiments that led to the establishment of the cell theory. Learn about scientists like Francesco Redi, Louis Pasteur, and Rudolph Carl Wirchow who played pivotal roles in disproving spontaneous generation and supporting the concept of cells arising from pre-existing cells.

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