Cell Theory and Key Scientists
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Questions and Answers

What process is known as mitosis?

  • Cell division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells (correct)
  • A method of cellular respiration
  • A mechanism of energy generation in cells
  • The production of proteins in ribosomes

    • Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is true?

  • Prokaryotes possess membrane-bound organelles
  • Prokaryotes are single-celled microorganisms without a nucleus (correct)
  • Prokaryotes have a defined nucleus
  • All prokaryotes are multicellular organisms

    • What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

  • Transportation of materials
  • Synthesis of proteins (correct)
  • Energy generation
  • Storage of genetic information

    • What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

    <p>Packaging and modifying substances from the endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is unique to plant cells compared to animal cells?

    <p>Cell wall made of cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the cytoplasmic membrane?

    <p>Lipids and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do vacuoles serve in animal cells?

    <p>Storage of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure controls cellular activities in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is associated with the mitochondria?

    <p>Energy generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the bacterial capsule?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'selectively permeable' refer to in relation to the cell membrane?

    <p>Controls the movement of certain substances in and out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lysosomes in cells?

    <p>Digestion of worn-out organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell structure is responsible for the movement of bacteria?

    <p>Flagellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known as the 'Father of Microscopy' and was the first to observe living cells?

    <p>Anton van Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Robert Brown contribute to the cell theory?

    <p>Identified the nucleus in plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist proposed that all cells originate from other living cells, rejecting spontaneous generation?

    <p>Rudolf Virchow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of Matthias Schleiden to the cell theory?

    <p>He proposed that plants are made entirely of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the original three tenets of the cell theory?

    <p>All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, all cells arise from existing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What discovery did Robert Hooke make while observing cork under a microscope?

    <p>The small, room-like structures he called 'cells'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which contribution to the cell theory was made by Theodor Schwann?

    <p>Studied animal tissues and cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which era did unicellular organisms evolve into multicellular organisms due to increased oxygen levels?

    <p>About 2.5 billion years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the nuclear envelope serve in the cell?

    <p>It separates nuclear contents from the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomes in the cell?

    <p>They synthesize proteins for export or internal use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Packaging and modifying substances made by the endoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

    <p>It synthesizes lipids and is involved in detoxification processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of mitochondria within a cell?

    <p>They are the site of cellular respiration and energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the plant cell serves as its skeleton?

    <p>Cell Wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the nucleolus play in a cell?

    <p>It produces ribosomal RNA and aids in protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is primarily associated with vacuoles in plant cells?

    <p>Regulation of water and solute balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is responsible for organizing microtubules during cell division?

    <p>Centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT a function of the chloroplast?

    <p>It assists in storing food and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chlorophyll in chloroplasts?

    <p>Facilitate photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is known for coining the term 'cell'?

    <p>Robert Hooke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key idea proposed by Rudolf Virchow related to cell division?

    <p>All cells come from pre-existing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of the cell cycle does DNA get passed on to daughter cells?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Contain membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major event led to the evolution of multicellular organisms?

    <p>Increase in atmospheric oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in prokaryotic cells is responsible for protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the central vacuole in plant cells?

    <p>Maintain turgor pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'Omnis cellula e cellula' mean?

    <p>All cells come from cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the cytoplasmic membrane?

    <p>Enclose the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is known as the 'Father of Microscopy'?

    <p>Anton van Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of DNA during cell division?

    <p>It is replicated and divided equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a difference between bacteria and archaea?

    <p>Cell wall composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Theory

    • Not a single discovery but a compilation of contributions over time.
    • Unicellular organisms predate multicellular life, emerging around 2.5 billion years ago.
    • Evolution to multicellular organisms occurred with increased oxygen and land habitability.

    Key Scientists and Discoveries

    • Robert Hooke (1655):
      • Coined the term "cell" while observing cork under a microscope.
      • Noted small, room-like structures.
    • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1680s):
      • First to observe living cells.
      • Called single-celled organisms "animalcules" (later identified as bacteria).
    • Robert Brown (1831):
      • Discovered the nucleus in plant cells.
      • Observed pollen grains moving within oval structures.
    • Matthias Schleiden (1838):
      • Proposed that cells are the basic unit of life in plants.
    • Emphasized cells as independent, living entities.
    • Theodor Schwann (1839):
      • Extended the idea of cells as basic units to animal tissues.
      • A collaborator with Schleiden, they built on each other's ideas.
    • Rudolf Virchow (1839):
      • Stated that cells arise from pre-existing cells (all cells come from cells).
      • Opposed spontaneous generation (life from non-life).

    Six Tenets of the Cell Theory

    • Original (first 3):
      • Cells are the basic unit of life.
      • Cells are independent, self-sustaining.
      • Cells can reproduce, perform metabolic functions.
      • All living things are made up of cells.
    • Modern (last 3):
      • DNA is passed during cell division impacting traits.
      • Cells of similar species are fundamentally the same chemically.
      • Energy flow occurs and is fundamental to metabolism.

    Domains of Life

    • Bacteria and Archaea:
      • Prokaryotic (no nucleus), single-celled organisms.
      • Crucial differences in cell wall and metabolic processes.
      • Absence of membrane-bound organelles.
    • Eukarya:
      • Eukaryotic (has nucleus), complex, multicellular organisms.
      • Includes unicellular examples like yeast and algae.
      • Presence of membrane-bound organelles.

    Prokaryote Structural Components

    • Pili: Hair-like structures aiding movement and surface attachment.
    • Plasmid: Small, circular DNA separate from the main chromosome.
    • Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
    • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance containing various components.
    • Cytoplasmic Membrane: Encloses the cytoplasm; controls substance transport.
    • Cell Wall: Provides rigidity and protection.
    • Capsule: External layer for protection; present in some prokaryotes.
    • Nucleoid: Region of prokaryotic DNA (no nucleus).
    • Flagellum: Movement and environmental sensing.

    Eukaryote Structural Components (e.g., Animal and Plant Cells)

    • Nucleus: Contains DNA, regulates cell functions and division.
    • Nuclear Envelope: Structure protecting the nucleus and containing pores for exchange.
    • Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA.
    • Chromatin: Loosely packed DNA and proteins.
    • Nucleoplasm: Contains materials for nucleus functions.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Transport system.
    • Rough ER: Synthesizes proteins.
    • Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids, plays detoxification role, especially in liver.
    • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins (attached or free).
    • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, packages, and transports substances.
    • Mitochondria: Produces ATP (energy source) via cellular respiration, important for cardiac muscle function.
    • Vacuoles: Storage compartments.
    • Lysosomes: Contains enzymes for waste breakdown.
    • Centrioles: Involved in cell division.
    • Cytoskeleton: Maintains cell shape, houses cilia and flagella for movement.
    • Cilia and Flagella: For movement (cilia rapid, flagella slower waves)
    • Cell Wall (Plant): Rigid structure composed of cellulose, adds support.
    • Chloroplast (Plant): Contains chlorophyll, sites of photosynthesis.
    • Central Vacuole (Plant): Large storage compartment, contributes to turgor pressure.

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    Description

    Explore the foundational concepts of cell theory and the significant contributions made by key scientists throughout history. This quiz will cover the evolution of unicellular to multicellular organisms and highlight the discoveries that shaped our understanding of cells. Test your knowledge on pivotal figures like Robert Hooke, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, and others who helped define the cellular basis of life.

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