Cell Theory and Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the Cell Theory?

  • Cells are the smallest unit of life.
  • All cells can photosynthesize. (correct)
  • Some organisms are unicellular, and some are multicellular.
  • All cells come from preexisting cells.

Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

True (A)

What are the two main types of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Cells are organized into __________, which in turn make up organs like the heart.

<p>tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organelles with their functions:

<p>Ribosomes = Make proteins Cell membrane = Surrounds and protects the cell Cytosol = Fluid where cell components are suspended Nucleus = Contains DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

<p>It shrinks and shrivels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Animal cells do best in a hypotonic solution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process where a plant cell loses water and shrinks in a hypertonic solution?

<p>plasmolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a hypotonic solution, a plant cell becomes _____ as water moves into the cell.

<p>turgid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the transport processes with their descriptions:

<p>Active Transport = Requires ATP to move substances against a concentration gradient Endocytosis = Process of taking material into the cell Exocytosis = Process of forcing materials out of the cell Osmosis = Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is described as 'cellular drinking'?

<p>Pinocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exocytosis involves the cell taking in material.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecules do active transport mechanisms use to move substances across the cell membrane?

<p>carrier proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the endomembrane system is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins?

<p>Golgi apparatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum primarily synthesizes proteins.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is passive transport?

<p>Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without using energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tail of a phospholipid is described as being __________.

<p>hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their correct definitions:

<p>Solvent = Liquid in which a solute dissolves Solute = Substance that is dissolved Solution = Mixture of solute and solvent Osmosis = Movement of water across a membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during osmosis?

<p>Water moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A hypertonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the cell's interior.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define isotonic solution.

<p>A solution where the solute concentration is equal inside and outside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During facilitated diffusion, molecules move through __________ proteins.

<p>transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of diffusion with their descriptions:

<p>Simple diffusion = Direct passage through the membrane without help Facilitated diffusion = Involves transport proteins for movement Osmosis = Specific movement of water without energy Active transport = Movement against concentration gradient requiring ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cholesterol play in the cell membrane?

<p>Maintains fluidity and stability of the membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Molecules move against their concentration gradient during passive transport.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluid mosaic model?

<p>It describes the cell membrane structure as a flexible layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When equilibrium is reached, the concentration of solute is __________ on both sides of the membrane.

<p>equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell wall?

<p>Protects the cell and maintains its shape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

<p>Synthesize proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _________ is the control center of the cell, directing its activities.

<p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell organelles with their primary function:

<p>Golgi apparatus = Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins Mitochondria = Converts food into ATP Chloroplasts = Converts light energy into chemical energy Lysosomes = Digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for detoxification of drugs and poisons?

<p>Smooth ER (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The central vacuole is found in both plant and animal cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds the nucleus and lets materials enter and exit?

<p>Nuclear envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria generate __________ using enzymes that convert chemical energy from food.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organelles with whether they are found in plant cells, animal cells, or both:

<p>Chloroplasts = Plant Cells Only Lysosomes = Animal Cells Only Cell membrane = Both Nucleus = Both</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysosomes in the cell?

<p>Contain enzymes for digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nucleolus is where ribosomes are synthesized.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how proteins are synthesized and transported out of the cell.

<p>Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes, modified in the rough ER, packaged in the Golgi apparatus, and then transported out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a cell?

The smallest unit of life that can carry out all life functions.

What are prokaryotic cells?

Cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm.

What are eukaryotic cells?

Cells that have a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria and Golgi apparatus.

What is the Cell Theory?

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, and all cells arise from preexisting cells.

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What is cell differentiation?

The process of cells becoming specialized to perform specific functions.

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Hypertonic solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell, causing water to move out of the cell and leading to shrinking or shriveling.

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Hypotonic solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell, causing water to move into the cell and leading to swelling or bursting.

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Isotonic solution

A solution with the same concentration of solutes as the inside of a cell, so there is no net movement of water.

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Active Transport

The process of moving molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, from a low concentration to a high concentration. This requires energy in the form of ATP.

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Protein pump

A type of active transport that uses carrier proteins to move molecules across the cell membrane, against their concentration gradient.

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Endocytosis

The process of taking material into the cell by engulfing it in a membrane-bound vesicle. Types include pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

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Exocytosis

The process of releasing material from the cell by enclosing it in a membrane-bound vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane.

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Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles, such as bacteria, and forms a vacuole around them.

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What is the function of the nucleus?

The control center of the cell, directing its activities and containing DNA, the genetic blueprint for making proteins and other essential molecules.

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What is the structure of the nuclear envelope?

A double-membraned structure that encloses the nucleus, containing thousands of nuclear pores allowing specific molecules to enter and exit.

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What is the role of the nucleolus?

The site of ribosome synthesis within the nucleus, composed of RNA and proteins.

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What is the function of ribosomes?

The synthesis of proteins, following coded instructions from the DNA in the nucleus.

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What is the function of the cell membrane?

A thin, flexible boundary surrounding the cell, regulating what enters and leaves, and providing structural support.

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What is the function of the cell wall?

A rigid, protective outer layer found in plant cells, providing structural support and preventing excessive water uptake.

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What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A network of interconnected membranes in eukaryotic cells, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

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What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A network of interconnected membranes in eukaryotic cells studded with ribosomes, involved in protein modification and transport.

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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs in eukaryotic cells, modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for distribution or secretion.

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What is the function of vacuoles and vesicles?

Membrane-bound sacs in the cell that store substances or transport materials within the cell.

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What is the function of mitochondria?

Organelles responsible for cellular respiration, converting chemical energy from food into ATP, the energy currency of cells.

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What is the function of lysosomes?

Membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes, breaking down nutrients and worn-out cell parts.

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What is the function of chloroplasts?

Organelles found in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis, capturing light energy and converting it into sugar.

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What is the function of the central vacuole in plant cells?

A large central vacuole in plant cells, storing water and maintaining cell firmness for structural support.

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What is the endomembrane system?

The interconnected network of membranes within eukaryotic cells, including the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.

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Endomembrane System

A system of internal membranes within a eukaryotic cell that works together to synthesize, modify, and transport proteins and lipids.

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Nucleus

The organelle responsible for housing and protecting DNA, the blueprint of the cell.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A network of interconnected membranes studded with ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis.

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A network of interconnected membranes involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

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Golgi Apparatus

A stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids.

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Vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs that transport substances within the cell.

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Cell Membrane

The thin, flexible barrier that encloses the cell, regulating what enters and exits.

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Phospholipid

A type of lipid molecule that forms the structural basis of cell membranes.

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Selective Permeability

The property of a membrane that allows some substances to cross while preventing others.

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Passive Transport

The movement of a substance across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Simple Diffusion

The movement of a substance across a membrane without the assistance of transport proteins.

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Facilitated Diffusion

The movement of a substance across a membrane with the assistance of transport proteins.

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Osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

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Concentration Gradient

The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas.

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Tonicity

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

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Study Notes

Cell Theory

  • Cells are the fundamental units of life.
  • All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
  • Organisms can be unicellular (e.g., bacteria) or multicellular (e.g., humans).
  • Multicellular organisms exhibit cell specialization, organization into tissues, organs, and organ systems; cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organisms.

Cell Functions

  • Cells generate usable energy for various activities.
  • Proteins perform cellular work.
  • Cells produce more cells for growth and repair.
  • All cells share common features: cell membrane, DNA, cytosol, and ribosomes.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

  • Organisms are broadly categorized as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
  • Eukaryotic cells possess membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus.
  • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria).

Cell Organelles: Structures and Functions

  • Cell Wall: Protects and shapes the cell (plant cells only).
  • Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane): Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
  • Cytoplasm/Cytosol: The fluid inside the cell.
  • Nucleus: Cell's control center, housing DNA.
  • Nucleolus: Site of ribosome production.
  • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins; free-floating or bound to rough ER.
  • Smooth ER: Produces lipids and detoxifies substances.
  • Rough ER: Modifies and transports proteins.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for distribution.
  • Vacuoles and Vesicles: Transport and store substances.
  • Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration, generating ATP (energy).
  • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion.
  • Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis (plant cells only).
  • Central Vacuole: Stores water and maintains cell turgor pressure (plant cells only).

Organelle Location

  • Both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic: Cell membrane, cytoplasm/cytosol, ribosomes

  • Eukaryotic Cells Only: Nucleus, nucleolus, smooth ER, rough ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, chloroplasts, mitochondria.

  • Plant Cells Only: Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts

  • Animal Cells Only: Lysosomes

Protein Synthesis and Transport

  • The endomembrane system (a system of internal membranes) facilitates protein synthesis and transport.

  • Nucleus: initiates protein synthesis, DNA creates RNA to guide ribosomes.

  • Rough ER: Ribosomes build proteins, and the proteins enter the rough ER for modification.

  • Golgi apparatus: proteins are modified, sorted, and packaged for delivery.

  • Vesicles: enclose proteins and transport them.

  • Cell membrane: Proteins are released out of the cell.

Cell Membrane

  • Phospholipid Bilayer: Forms the cell membrane, a barrier surrounding the cell.
  • Proteins: Embedded, creating channels, selectively permeable to control entry/exit of materials—polarity, size, and charge matter
  • Cholesterol: Maintains membrane fluidity and stability.
  • Hydrophilic: Attracted to water (phospholipid heads).
  • Hydrophobic: Repelled by water (phospholipid tails).

Cellular Transport (Passive)

  • Passive Transport: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, requiring no extra energy.
  • Simple Diffusion: Molecules pass directly through the membrane (e.g., fats, oils, oxygen, carbon dioxide).
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Channels (transport proteins) assist the movement of large or polar molecules through the membrane (e.g., glucose).
  • Osmosis: Water moves across a semipermeable membrane from high to low water concentration, which is opposite to solute concentration.

Concentration Gradients

  • Concentration gradient: The difference in concentration of a substance between two regions.
  • Movement down the gradient (high to low) requires no energy, and movement up the gradient (low to high) requires energy.

Cellular Transport (Active)

  • Active Transport: Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
  • Protein Pumps: Use proteins as pumps to move materials up their concentration gradient.

Bulk Transport

  • Endocytosis: Taking materials into the cell (includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis).
  • Exocytosis: Releasing materials out of the cell.

Tonicity

  • Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration outside the cell; water moves out (animal cell shrivels, plant cell plasmolyses).
  • Hypotonic: Higher solute concentration inside the cell; water moves in (animal cell swells and bursts, plant cell is turgid).
  • Isotonic: Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell; no net water movement (ideal for animal cells, plant cells become flaccid).

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Test your knowledge on cell theory, functions, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This quiz covers essential concepts like cell specialization and organelle functions. Perfect for biology students!

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