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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a part of the Cell Theory?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the Cell Theory?
Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
True
What are the two main types of cells?
What are the two main types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells are organized into __________, which in turn make up organs like the heart.
Cells are organized into __________, which in turn make up organs like the heart.
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Match the following organelles with their functions:
Match the following organelles with their functions:
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What happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
What happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
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Animal cells do best in a hypotonic solution.
Animal cells do best in a hypotonic solution.
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What term describes the process where a plant cell loses water and shrinks in a hypertonic solution?
What term describes the process where a plant cell loses water and shrinks in a hypertonic solution?
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In a hypotonic solution, a plant cell becomes _____ as water moves into the cell.
In a hypotonic solution, a plant cell becomes _____ as water moves into the cell.
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Match the transport processes with their descriptions:
Match the transport processes with their descriptions:
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Which process is described as 'cellular drinking'?
Which process is described as 'cellular drinking'?
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Exocytosis involves the cell taking in material.
Exocytosis involves the cell taking in material.
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What molecules do active transport mechanisms use to move substances across the cell membrane?
What molecules do active transport mechanisms use to move substances across the cell membrane?
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Which component of the endomembrane system is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins?
Which component of the endomembrane system is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins?
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The smooth endoplasmic reticulum primarily synthesizes proteins.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum primarily synthesizes proteins.
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What is passive transport?
What is passive transport?
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The tail of a phospholipid is described as being __________.
The tail of a phospholipid is described as being __________.
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Match the terms with their correct definitions:
Match the terms with their correct definitions:
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What occurs during osmosis?
What occurs during osmosis?
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A hypertonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the cell's interior.
A hypertonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the cell's interior.
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Define isotonic solution.
Define isotonic solution.
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During facilitated diffusion, molecules move through __________ proteins.
During facilitated diffusion, molecules move through __________ proteins.
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Match the types of diffusion with their descriptions:
Match the types of diffusion with their descriptions:
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What role does cholesterol play in the cell membrane?
What role does cholesterol play in the cell membrane?
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Molecules move against their concentration gradient during passive transport.
Molecules move against their concentration gradient during passive transport.
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What is the fluid mosaic model?
What is the fluid mosaic model?
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When equilibrium is reached, the concentration of solute is __________ on both sides of the membrane.
When equilibrium is reached, the concentration of solute is __________ on both sides of the membrane.
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What is the primary function of the cell wall?
What is the primary function of the cell wall?
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Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.
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What is the primary function of ribosomes?
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
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The _________ is the control center of the cell, directing its activities.
The _________ is the control center of the cell, directing its activities.
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Match the following cell organelles with their primary function:
Match the following cell organelles with their primary function:
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Which organelle is responsible for detoxification of drugs and poisons?
Which organelle is responsible for detoxification of drugs and poisons?
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The central vacuole is found in both plant and animal cells.
The central vacuole is found in both plant and animal cells.
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What surrounds the nucleus and lets materials enter and exit?
What surrounds the nucleus and lets materials enter and exit?
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Mitochondria generate __________ using enzymes that convert chemical energy from food.
Mitochondria generate __________ using enzymes that convert chemical energy from food.
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Match the following organelles with whether they are found in plant cells, animal cells, or both:
Match the following organelles with whether they are found in plant cells, animal cells, or both:
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What is the role of lysosomes in the cell?
What is the role of lysosomes in the cell?
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The nucleolus is where ribosomes are synthesized.
The nucleolus is where ribosomes are synthesized.
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Explain how proteins are synthesized and transported out of the cell.
Explain how proteins are synthesized and transported out of the cell.
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- Cells are the fundamental units of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
- Organisms can be unicellular (e.g., bacteria) or multicellular (e.g., humans).
- Multicellular organisms exhibit cell specialization, organization into tissues, organs, and organ systems; cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organisms.
Cell Functions
- Cells generate usable energy for various activities.
- Proteins perform cellular work.
- Cells produce more cells for growth and repair.
- All cells share common features: cell membrane, DNA, cytosol, and ribosomes.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
- Organisms are broadly categorized as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
- Eukaryotic cells possess membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus.
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria).
Cell Organelles: Structures and Functions
- Cell Wall: Protects and shapes the cell (plant cells only).
- Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane): Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
- Cytoplasm/Cytosol: The fluid inside the cell.
- Nucleus: Cell's control center, housing DNA.
- Nucleolus: Site of ribosome production.
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins; free-floating or bound to rough ER.
- Smooth ER: Produces lipids and detoxifies substances.
- Rough ER: Modifies and transports proteins.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for distribution.
- Vacuoles and Vesicles: Transport and store substances.
- Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration, generating ATP (energy).
- Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion.
- Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis (plant cells only).
- Central Vacuole: Stores water and maintains cell turgor pressure (plant cells only).
Organelle Location
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Both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic: Cell membrane, cytoplasm/cytosol, ribosomes
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Eukaryotic Cells Only: Nucleus, nucleolus, smooth ER, rough ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, chloroplasts, mitochondria.
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Plant Cells Only: Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts
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Animal Cells Only: Lysosomes
Protein Synthesis and Transport
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The endomembrane system (a system of internal membranes) facilitates protein synthesis and transport.
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Nucleus: initiates protein synthesis, DNA creates RNA to guide ribosomes.
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Rough ER: Ribosomes build proteins, and the proteins enter the rough ER for modification.
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Golgi apparatus: proteins are modified, sorted, and packaged for delivery.
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Vesicles: enclose proteins and transport them.
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Cell membrane: Proteins are released out of the cell.
Cell Membrane
- Phospholipid Bilayer: Forms the cell membrane, a barrier surrounding the cell.
- Proteins: Embedded, creating channels, selectively permeable to control entry/exit of materials—polarity, size, and charge matter
- Cholesterol: Maintains membrane fluidity and stability.
- Hydrophilic: Attracted to water (phospholipid heads).
- Hydrophobic: Repelled by water (phospholipid tails).
Cellular Transport (Passive)
- Passive Transport: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, requiring no extra energy.
- Simple Diffusion: Molecules pass directly through the membrane (e.g., fats, oils, oxygen, carbon dioxide).
- Facilitated Diffusion: Channels (transport proteins) assist the movement of large or polar molecules through the membrane (e.g., glucose).
- Osmosis: Water moves across a semipermeable membrane from high to low water concentration, which is opposite to solute concentration.
Concentration Gradients
- Concentration gradient: The difference in concentration of a substance between two regions.
- Movement down the gradient (high to low) requires no energy, and movement up the gradient (low to high) requires energy.
Cellular Transport (Active)
- Active Transport: Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
- Protein Pumps: Use proteins as pumps to move materials up their concentration gradient.
Bulk Transport
- Endocytosis: Taking materials into the cell (includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis).
- Exocytosis: Releasing materials out of the cell.
Tonicity
- Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration outside the cell; water moves out (animal cell shrivels, plant cell plasmolyses).
- Hypotonic: Higher solute concentration inside the cell; water moves in (animal cell swells and bursts, plant cell is turgid).
- Isotonic: Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell; no net water movement (ideal for animal cells, plant cells become flaccid).
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell theory, functions, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This quiz covers essential concepts like cell specialization and organelle functions. Perfect for biology students!
