Cell Theory and Components Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell. (correct)

Stores food, water, and wastes.

Serves as the control center of the cell.

Provides structural support to the cell.

Which component of the cell is responsible for energy production?

Chloroplast

Mitochondria (correct)

Lysosome

Ribosome

What happens during the stage of DNA replication in the cell cycle?

The DNA is copied to ensure each daughter cell receives a complete set. (correct)

The cell walls are formed in plant cells.

The cell increases in size and prepares for division.

Chromosomes are separated into daughter cells.

Which statement about the cell wall is true?

It provides support and protection to plant cells. Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of the cell cycle does mitosis occur?

Mitosis (PMAT) Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is typically responsible for digestion in the cell?

Lysosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ribosomes in a cell?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the nuclear membrane?

To regulate the movement of materials in and out of the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT prevent cell division at checkpoints?

Presence of signaling proteins Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines malignant tumors?

They are cancerous and invasive. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of root systems in plants?

Absorbs water and nutrients from the soil. Signup and view all the answers

Which cells can become specialized through differentiation?

Any type of stem cell Signup and view all the answers

What mainly drives the upward movement of water in a plant?

Cohesion and adhesion in xylem Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of suicide genes in apoptosis?

To induce programmed cell death in specific situations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?

Facilitate electric impulses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes chemotherapy's impact on healthy tissues?

It can also affect rapidly reproducing healthy cells. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates benign tumors from malignant tumors?

Benign tumors are non-invasive and localized. Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the movement of water specifically?

Diffusion of water Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Theory

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the fundamental unit of life's organization.
All cells originate from pre-existing cells.

Cell Components

Cell Wall: A rigid, protective layer found in plant cells, providing structural support.
Cell Membrane: A flexible outer layer controlling substance passage in and out of the cell. Present in both plant and animal cells.
Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance containing organelles and dissolved materials; crucial for organelle movement. Present in both plant and animal cells.
Nucleus: The cell's control center, regulating cell activities and containing genetic material. Present in both plant and animal cells.
Nuclear Membrane: The membrane surrounding the nucleus, controlling what enters and exits. Present in both plant and animal cells.
Chromosomes/Chromatin: Structures in the nucleus composed of DNA; directing cell activities and passing traits. Present in both plant and animal cells.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of channels and sacs transporting materials within the cell. Present in both plant and animal cells.
Ribosomes: Small structures producing proteins. Present in both plant and animal cells.
Mitochondria: Rod-shaped organelles, the "powerhouses" of the cell, breaking down food for energy. Present in both plant and animal cells.
Vacuoles: Fluid-filled sacs storing food, water, and waste. Larger in plant cells. Present in both plant and animal cells.
Lysosomes: Small sacs, primarily in animal cells, responsible for digesting cellular waste and debris. Absent in plant cells.
Golgi Bodies: Stacks of flattened sacs processing and packaging proteins and fats. Present in both plant and animal cells.
Chloroplasts: Green organelles in plant cells containing chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis. Absent in animal cells.

Cell Cycle

Cells have a lifespan and must be replaced.
The cell cycle controls cell production.
Stages: Growth, DNA Replication, Growth, Mitosis (PMAT), Cytokinesis.
Interphase: The main phase of the cell cycle, involving growth and DNA replication.
Cell Cycle Checkpoints: Crucial points assessing conditions for cell division. Prevents division if nutrients are insufficient, DNA is damaged or not replicated.

Cell Death

Cells die due to toxins, physical stress, or natural wear.
Apoptosis (programmed cell death): A controlled process with specific purposes (e.g., removing webbing between fingers during fetal development).

Cancer and the Cell Cycle

Cancer cells ignore cell cycle checkpoints, dividing uncontrollably, forming tumors.
Tumor: Abnormal cell cluster.
Benign: Non-spreading tumor.
Malignant: Cancerous, spreading tumor.
Carcinogens: Mutagens causing cancer (e.g., asbestos, tobacco smoke, UV radiation).

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy targets and kills rapidly dividing cells (like cancer cells).
It can however have side effects on healthy rapidly dividing cells.

Stem Cells

Stem cells differentiate into various cell types (animals only).
Embryonic stem cells (totipotent and pluripotent) can become any cell type.

Animal Tissues

Epithelial: Protective sheets covering body surfaces.
Connective: Supports tissues (bones, blood, tendons).
Muscle: Contracts for movement.
Nerve: Transmits electrical impulses.

Plant Tissue

Meristematic cells: Unspecialized plant cells giving rise to specialized tissues (dermal, ground, vascular).

Plant Organ Systems

Root System: Absorbs water and nutrients.
Shoot System: Supports the plant and performs photosynthesis.

Movement of Water in Plants

Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
Osmosis: Water diffusion.
Root Pressure (Push): Water pressure moving water upward in the plant.
Transpiration (Pull): Water evaporating from leaves, pulling water up the plant via cohesion and adhesion.

Movement of Sap in Plants

Spring: Sucrose moves upward carrying food for growth.
Summer/Fall: Glucose moves downwards to be stored in the roots.

Cell Specialization and Differentiation

Cell specialization: Development of specific functions by producing different proteins.
Cell differentiation: Process of acquiring specialization.

Plant Organs

Terminal Bud: Promotes upward growth.
Stem: Supports and transports nutrients.
Roots: Anchor plant, absorbs water and nutrients.
Flower: Facilitates reproduction.

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis using sunlight to produce glucose.

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Description

Test your knowledge on cell theory and the various components of cells. This quiz covers essential concepts such as the fundamental unit of life, the structure and function of the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and genetic material. Perfect for students learning about biology and cell structure.