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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements best represents a key principle of cell theory?
Which of the following statements best represents a key principle of cell theory?
Which characteristic is NOT required for something to be considered living?
Which characteristic is NOT required for something to be considered living?
What type of reproduction results in genetically identical offspring?
What type of reproduction results in genetically identical offspring?
What term describes the ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions?
What term describes the ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions?
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Which of the following correctly describes autotrophs?
Which of the following correctly describes autotrophs?
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What are the stages of mitosis represented by P-M-A-T?
What are the stages of mitosis represented by P-M-A-T?
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What is the end result of cytokinesis?
What is the end result of cytokinesis?
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Which process reduces the number of chromosomes in half?
Which process reduces the number of chromosomes in half?
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During which stage of the cell cycle does DNA synthesis occur?
During which stage of the cell cycle does DNA synthesis occur?
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In which process do chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell?
In which process do chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell?
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Which kingdom consists of prokaryotic organisms?
Which kingdom consists of prokaryotic organisms?
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What is the primary result of osmosis in a hypertonic environment?
What is the primary result of osmosis in a hypertonic environment?
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Which of the following processes occurs during aerobic cellular respiration?
Which of the following processes occurs during aerobic cellular respiration?
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What type of reproduction does mitosis represent?
What type of reproduction does mitosis represent?
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Which type of fermentation occurs in yeast?
Which type of fermentation occurs in yeast?
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What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?
What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?
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What happens to the concentration of solute during diffusion?
What happens to the concentration of solute during diffusion?
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Which of the following statements about the kingdoms is true?
Which of the following statements about the kingdoms is true?
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Which characteristic is true for all prokaryotic cells?
Which characteristic is true for all prokaryotic cells?
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What is the difference between the genetic material in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is the difference between the genetic material in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following organelles is involved in energy production in eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following organelles is involved in energy production in eukaryotic cells?
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Which statement describes the cell wall in plant cells?
Which statement describes the cell wall in plant cells?
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What role do lysosomes play in eukaryotic cells?
What role do lysosomes play in eukaryotic cells?
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Which structure is not typically found in prokaryotic cells?
Which structure is not typically found in prokaryotic cells?
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What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
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Which type of cell structure is primarily responsible for supporting the overall shape of a cell?
Which type of cell structure is primarily responsible for supporting the overall shape of a cell?
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What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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Which kingdom includes organisms that can be either unicellular or multicellular with a nucleus?
Which kingdom includes organisms that can be either unicellular or multicellular with a nucleus?
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- All living things are composed of cells.
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
- New cells are produced from pre-existing cells.
Contributors to Cell Theory
- Zacharias Jenssen
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- Robert Hooke
- Matthias Schleiden
- Theodor Schwann
- Rudolf Virchow
- Robert Remak
Characteristics of Living Things
-
Made of one or more cells
- Unicellular: single-celled organisms (e.g., Euglena)
- Multicellular: organisms with more than one cell (e.g., Daphnia)
-
Reproduce sexually or asexually
- Sexual reproduction: gamete production and fertilization
- Asexual reproduction: creating genetically identical offspring
-
Contain a genetic code (DNA)
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) controls cellular activities and stores/transmits genetic information across generations.
-
Grow and develop: Cells undergo cell division (e.g. zygote) and differentiation (e.g. stem cell leading to blood cell, nerve cell etc).
-
Obtain and use energy:
- Autotrophs: produce their own food (e.g., plants).
- Heterotrophs: cannot produce their own food (e.g., bears).
-
Respond to their environment: Maintaining internal conditions (homeostasis) – e.g., sweating and shivering
-
Evolve over time: Changes in species over time
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic Cells (Prokaryote)
- Kingdom Monera (bacteria)
- Small size (1 to 10 μm)
- Unicellular
- Lacks a nucleus
- Genetic material called nucleoid
- Lacks membrane-bound organelles
- Cell wall present
Eukaryotic Cells (Eukaryote)
- Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
- Larger size (10 to 100 μm)
- Unicellular or multicellular
- Nucleus present.
- Genetic material inside the nucleus
- Many membrane-bound organelles
Comparison of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
| Characteristics | Prokaryote | Eukaryote |
|---|---|---|
| Kingdom(s) | Monera | Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Protista |
| Size | 1-10 μm | 10-100 μm |
| Cell Organization | Unicellular | Unicellular or multicellular |
| Nucleus | Absent | Present |
| Genetic Material | Nucleoid | Chromosomes |
| Organelles | Mainly ribosomes | Many |
| Cell Wall | Present | Present in some (Plantae, Fungi, some Protista) |
Organelles and Cell Structures
- Cell membrane: protective barrier, regulates what enters and exits the cell.
- Cytoplasm: gel-like material; region between the cell membrane and the nucleus
- Nucleus: controls cellular activities; contains DNA.
- Nuclear envelope: outer boundary of the nucleus
- Nuclear pores: small openings in the nuclear envelope.
- Nucleolus: region of the nucleus where ribosomes are made.
- Chromatin: DNA and protein mixture
- Chromosomes: genetic information of the cell; made of chromatin (DNA and protein).
- Ribosomes: small structures on which proteins are produced.
- Smooth and Rough ER: networks of membranes involved in transport of materials.
- Golgi: flattened structures that collect, modify, package, and transport materials.
- Lysosome: contains chemicals and enzymes for breaking down and recycling materials.
- Vacuole: stores water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
- Mitochondria: energy-producing structures.
- Centrioles: paired structures involved in cell division; organize spindle fibers.
- Microtubules: part of the cytoskeleton, form cilia and flagella, and centrioles and spindle fibers.
- Microfilaments part of the cytoskeleton.
- Chloroplast (plants only): location of photosynthesis.
- Cell Wall (plants only): a thick outer layer made of cellulose.
Energy Production
- Photosynthesis: plants use chloroplasts to produce glucose from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight
- Cellular Respiration (Aerobic): cells produce energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy).
- Cellular Respiration (Anaerobic/Fermentation): energy production in the absence of oxygen.
- Examples of fermentation include alcoholic fermentation from yeast (e.g., beer, wine) and lactic acid fermentation in muscles (e.g., soy sauce, cheese)
Reproduction in Cells
- Types of reproduction in cells:
- Asexual: mitosis, binary fission, budding, spore formation
- Sexual: meiosis and conjugation
- Mitosis: asexual cell division; maintains chromosome number. Result: two diploid daughter cells (e.g., in humans from 46 to 46).
- Binary fission: a form of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides equally. Two examples: bacteria & Amoeba.
- Budding: a form of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides unequally. Example: budding yeast.
- Spore formation: reproductive cells that form by mitosis. Example: fungi & ferns.
- Meiosis: division of sex cells; reduces the number of chromosomes in half (e.g., in humans from 46 to 23). Result: four haploid gametes (egg and sperm cells).
- Conjugation: transfer of DNA from one cell to another (via a pilus) in bacteria.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of cell theory and the characteristics that define living organisms. This quiz delves into the contributions of key scientists and highlights the differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms. Test your knowledge on reproduction and the genetic code that governs cellular function.
