Cell Theory and Cell Types Quiz

Cell Theory

• Robert Hooke was the first to observe and name cells.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe living, moving cells.
• Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are made of living cells.
• Theodor Schwann concluded that all animals are made of living cells.
• Rudolf Virchow proposed that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
• The three main ideas of cell theory are:
  • Cells are the basic units of life
  • All living things are made up of cells
  • Cells come from other cells
• Microscopes allow visualization of cells and their structures, aiding in the understanding of their functions.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotic cells are simple and lack a nucleus.
• Eukaryotic cells are complex and have a nucleus.
• Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share three structures:
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell membrane
• Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells due to the presence of a nucleus and other organelles.

Cell Specialization

• Cell specialization is the process where cells within a multicellular organism develop specific functions and structures to perform specialized tasks.
• Robert Koch established the link between specific germs and particular diseases, contributing to the germ theory of disease.

Organelles

• Endoplasmic reticulum manufactures lipids.
• Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs that store food and water.
• Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell.
• Ribosomes assemble proteins.
• Cell membrane separates the cell from its environment and controls what enters and leaves.
• Lysosomes are garbage disposals that contain digestive enzymes.
• Centrioles are found only in animal cells and aid in cell division.
• Ribosomes assemble new proteins for use outside the cell and redistribute them.
• Cell wall provides protection and rigid shape to plant cells.
• Cytoplasm is the clear gel-like fluid that holds organelles together.
• Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages materials.
• Flagella are long hair-like projections used for cell movement.
• Nucleus provides instructions for the cell.
• Nucleolus manufactures ribosomes.
• Chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy in plant cells.

Distinguishing Plant Cells from Animal Cells

• Plant cells have a large vacuole and a cell wall.
• Animal cells lack a cell wall and have centrioles.

Shared Organelles

• Plant and animal cells share:
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes

Microscope Components

• The eyepiece and objective lens contribute to the total magnification of a specimen.
• The diaphragm controls the amount of light passing through the specimen.
• The fine focus knob is used for precise focusing on high power.
• The eyepiece typically has a magnification between 5X and 30X.