Cell Theory and Cell Structure

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Questions and Answers

Which of these is NOT a common structure found in most cells?

  • Cell wall (correct)
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasma membrane
  • DNA

What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton within a eukaryotic cell?

  • Storage of genetic information
  • Production of energy through ATP synthesis
  • Synthesis of proteins
  • Providing structural support and enabling movement (correct)

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Eukaryotic cells have a smaller size
  • Eukaryotic cells have a simpler genetic structure
  • Prokaryotic cells lack a well-defined nucleus (correct)
  • Prokaryotic cells contain more complex organelles

Which type of cell replicates via mitosis?

<p>Somatic cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct relationship between cytosol and cytoplasm?

<p>Cytosol is a component of cytoplasm, specifically the fluid portion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cell membrane?

<p>To regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell membrane?

<p>Nucleic acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein spans the entire width of the cell membrane?

<p>Transmembrane proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a transmembrane protein?

<p>Channel proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

<p>To contribute to the fluidity and flexibility of the cell membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein helps maintain an electrochemical gradient in the cell?

<p>Na+/K+ ATPase pump (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell junction forms a connection between two cells?

<p>Gap junctions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?

<p>Replication of genetic material (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a membranous organelle?

<p>Ribosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Sodium-Potassium pump?

<p>To maintain a negative charge inside the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During repolarization, which of the following occurs?

<p>Potassium channels open and potassium ions rush out of the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the central dogma?

<p>To synthesize proteins from a DNA template. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

<p>Transfer RNA (tRNA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of converting the genetic code of DNA into a protein?

<p>Translation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a stop codon used in protein synthesis?

<p>UAG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the cytoskeleton?

<p>To provide structural support and facilitate intracellular transport. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP in a cell?

<p>Provides energy for cellular processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

<p>S phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step of cellular respiration produces the majority of ATP?

<p>Electron transport chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of epithelial tissue?

<p>It is composed of cells tightly packed together. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the process known as chemiosmosis?

<p>Requires the presence of oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align along the center of the cell?

<p>Metaphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is found in the tendons and ligaments?

<p>Dense regular connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Mitosis produces genetically identical cells, while meiosis produces genetically diverse cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic that distinguishes skeletal muscle from smooth muscle?

<p>Skeletal muscle is striated, while smooth muscle is not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a cutaneous membrane?

<p>The skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process in which a cell divides its cytoplasm, forming two daughter cells?

<p>Cytokinesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about chromosomes?

<p>Chromosomes are formed by the condensation of chromatin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is specialized for diffusion and filtration?

<p>Simple squamous epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of spectrin in red blood cells?

<p>Maintaining the shape of the red blood cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport requires ATP to move substances across the cell membrane?

<p>Active transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

<p>Decreasing membrane fluidity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios describes a hypertonic solution?

<p>Water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport mechanism is involved in bringing solid particles into the cell?

<p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid?

<p>Extracellular fluid includes the plasma of blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of passive transport?

<p>Requires ATP as an energy source (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that determines the direction of water movement across a semipermeable membrane?

<p>The concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the membrane potential of a typical cell?

<p>The inside of the cell is more negative than the outside (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane?

<p>Regulate the passage of molecules into and out of the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Theory

A foundational principle stating all living organisms are made of cells, which can only arise from existing cells.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells without a well-defined nucleus, often simpler in structure.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that contain a defined nucleus and complex internal structures.

Ribosomes

Cellular structures where protein synthesis occurs.

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Gamete Cells

Sex cells (sperm and ovum) used in reproduction, replicating via meiosis.

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Cell membrane functions

Protects the cell, allows communication, shapes cells, and manages molecule movement.

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Phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids forming the cell membrane, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

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Integral proteins

Proteins that span the entire membrane and interact with both internal and external environments.

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Channel proteins

Special integral proteins that allow specific ions to pass through the membrane.

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Carrier proteins

Integral proteins that transport specific substances across the membrane by changing shape.

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Receptor proteins

Proteins that receive signals by binding to specific molecules (ligands) to trigger a response.

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Cell Identity Markers

Proteins that help identify the cell to the immune system for recognition.

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Fluid mosaic model

Describes the structure of the plasma membrane, showing it as flexible with various embedded proteins.

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Peripheral proteins

Proteins located on the inner or outer surfaces of the cell membrane.

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Cadherins

Proteins that transport extracellular signaling into cells.

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Spectrin

Protein that maintains the shape of red blood cells.

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Hydrophilic heads

Charged parts of phospholipids that attract water.

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Passive transport

Movement of substances without energy, from high to low concentration.

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Facilitated diffusion

Movement of substances through a protein channel in the membrane.

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Osmosis

Movement of water from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

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Active transport

Movement of substances against concentration gradient, requires energy.

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Exocytosis

Process of transporting materials out of the cell using vesicles.

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DNA Base Pairing

DNA base pairing occurs between A-T and G-C.

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RNA Base Pairing

RNA base pairing occurs between A-U and G-C.

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ATP

ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate, the cell's primary energy molecule.

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Cellular Respiration

The process that generates energy by breaking down glucose with oxygen.

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Steps of Cellular Respiration

Includes Krebs cycle and Electron transport as key steps.

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Chemiosmosis

Using the electrochemical H+ gradient to create ATP during respiration.

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Interphase

Phase before mitosis, consisting of S, G1, and G2 stages.

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Mitosis

The division of the nucleus, creating two identical daughter cells.

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Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of flat cells, allows for diffusion and filtration.

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Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary, striated muscle found in the heart with intercalated discs.

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Hyaline Cartilage

Smooth, glass-like tissue that reduces friction at joints.

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Connective Tissue

Tissue that supports, binds, and protects other tissues and organs.

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Psuedostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Looks layered but isn't; has cilia for movement, located in respiratory tract.

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Resting Membrane Potential

The voltage across a membrane due to uneven ion distribution, typically -70mV.

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Sodium-Potassium Pump

An active transport mechanism that moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into a cell.

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Depolarization

Process during an action potential when Na+ channels open and Na+ enters the cell.

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Repolarization

Phase following depolarization where Na+ channels close and K+ channels open, K+ exits the cell.

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Organelles

Tiny structures within cells that perform specific functions.

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Central Dogma

The process of copying DNA to create RNA, which serves as a blueprint for proteins.

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Types of RNA

Includes mRNA (genetic code), tRNA (carries amino acids), and rRNA (forms ribosomes).

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Steps of Translation

Three main steps: Initiation (start codon), Elongation, and Termination (stop codon).

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Study Notes

Cell Theory

  • The smallest unit capable of carrying out life processes is a cell
  • All organisms are made of one or more cells
  • Cells only form from pre-existing cells

Organization of Cells

  • Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a defined nucleus
  • Eukaryotic Cells: Possess a defined nucleus

Common Cell Structures

  • Plasma Membrane: Separates internal and external environments
  • DNA: Genetic material controlling the organism's composition
  • Cytoplasm: Liquid portion containing organelles
  • Cytosol: Liquid part of the cytoplasm
  • Organelles: Specialized components within the cell (examples: ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria)
  • Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis
  • Cytoskeleton: Intracellular support, used for cell movement and organelle transport

Eukaryotic Human Cells

  • Composed of plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytosol, nucleus, and cytoskeleton

Cell Organelles

  • Diagram and labels of various organelles are included

Cell Membrane Functions

  • Barrier: Protects the cell's internal content
  • Anchors Cytoskeleton: Maintains cell shape
  • Communication: Allows passage of molecules in and out

Membrane Composition

  • Phospholipid bilayer: Hydrophilic heads facing outwards, hydrophobic tails inwards
  • Transmembrane proteins: Travel across the membrane
  • Peripheral proteins: Found on one surface
  • Cholesterol: Maintains fluidity and structure
  • Glycolipids and glycoproteins: Cell markers

Membrane Proteins

  • Integral proteins: Travel the entire membrane width, including ion channels and pumps
  • Channel proteins: Allow substances to pass
  • Carrier proteins: Transport molecules
  • Receptor proteins: Recognize molecules
  • Cell identity markers: Allow immune system to distinguish cells

Membrane Transport (Passive)

  • Simple Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration, no energy required (example: oxygen, carbon dioxide)
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration with the aid of a protein channel/carrier, no energy required (example: glucose transport)
  • Osmosis: Movement of water from low to high solute concentration, no energy required

Membrane Transport (Active)

  • Active Transport: Movement against a concentration gradient with the use of energy (ATP), involves membrane proteins

Cellular Respiration

  • Glycolysis: Breaking down glucose (6-carbon sugar) in cytoplasm
  • Krebs Cycle: Further breakdown of glucose in mitochondria (energy production)
  • Electron transport chain: Final stage of the energy release
  • ATP: Energy currency of the cell

Cell Cycle

  • Interphase: Gap phases (G1, S, G2), DNA replication happens in S phase.
  • Mitosis: Divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase with corresponding changes to the chromosomes.
  • Cytokinesis: Division of one cell into two identical cells

Cell Functions

  • Central Dogma: DNA to RNA to protein, which is used for all cell function.
  • Protein Synthesis: A detailed description of the process of copying DNA and producing proteins (transcription and translation)

Tissue Growth, Modification and Repair

  • Atrophy: Reduction in cell size
  • Necrosis: Uncontrolled cell death
  • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death (essential for development and homeostasis)
  • Regeneration: Repair of damaged tissue
  • Fibrosis: Scarring/replacement of tissue with fibrous connective tissue
  • Hypertrophy: Increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in cell size
  • Hyperplasia: Increase in the cell number of a tissue

Tissue Types

  • Epithelial tissue: Covering and lining tissue (locations and types of epithelial cells)
  • Connective tissue: Supporting and connecting tissue (locations and types of connective tissues; e.g., bone, blood, cartilage, ligaments)
  • Muscle tissue: Contractile tissue (types of muscle tissue)
  • Nervous tissue: Signaling and communication tissue

Membranes

  • Cutaneous membrane: Skin (epithelial tissue on top of connective tissue)
  • Mucous membrane: Lining surfaces of cavities (epithelial layer along with underlying connective tissue)
  • Serous membrane: Lining cavities that aren't open to outside (epithelial layer along with connective tissue)
  • Synovial membrane: Lining the joint cavities (connective tissue only)

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