Cell Structures and Functions

The cell is the fundamental unit of life; all living organisms are composed of cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division.

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; includes bacteria and archaea.

Cells that possess a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

A selectively permeable barrier composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the internal cell environment from the external environment and controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

The control center of the cell in eukaryotes, containing DNA in the form of chromatin and surrounded by a nuclear envelope with nuclear pores.

The region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, containing cytosol and organelles.

Synthesize proteins and are found freely floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis. Rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER does not

Processes and packages proteins and lipids.

Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion, breaking down cellular waste and debris.

Responsible for cellular respiration, generating ATP (the cell's primary energy source).

Found in plant cells and algae, carry out photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy (glucose).

A network of protein fibers that provides structural support and facilitates cell movement.

A rigid outer layer found in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and algae, providing support and protection.

Paracrine signaling involves a cell signaling to nearby cells.

Endocrine signaling involves a cell signaling to distant cells through the bloodstream (hormones).

A cell signals to itself.

The series of events that a cell goes through from one division to the next.

Division of the nucleus.

Division of the cytoplasm.