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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a fundamental difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following is a fundamental difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
- Eukaryotic cells always exist as single-celled organisms, while prokaryotic cells can form multicellular structures.
- Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not. (correct)
- Eukaryotic cells are generally smaller in size compared to prokaryotic cells.
- Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have their DNA located in the cytoplasm.
If a cell requires a large amount of energy to function, which organelle would likely be found in greater numbers within that cell?
If a cell requires a large amount of energy to function, which organelle would likely be found in greater numbers within that cell?
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Mitochondria (correct)
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
Which of the following describes the primary role of ribosomes in a cell?
Which of the following describes the primary role of ribosomes in a cell?
- Breaking down cellular waste.
- Synthesizing lipids and carbohydrates.
- Synthesizing proteins. (correct)
- Generating energy through cellular respiration.
What is the role of transport vesicles originating from the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the role of transport vesicles originating from the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the main distinction between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the main distinction between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Lysosomes are known as the 'garbage collectors' of the cell. What is their primary function?
Lysosomes are known as the 'garbage collectors' of the cell. What is their primary function?
Which of the following features is unique to plant cells when compared to animal cells?
Which of the following features is unique to plant cells when compared to animal cells?
What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?
What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?
Which of these characteristics differentiates viruses from bacteria?
Which of these characteristics differentiates viruses from bacteria?
Why are antibiotics ineffective against viral infections?
Why are antibiotics ineffective against viral infections?
What process occurs in chloroplasts?
What process occurs in chloroplasts?
How do prokaryotes obtain energy, given that they lack mitochondria?
How do prokaryotes obtain energy, given that they lack mitochondria?
Which structure directly controls the functions of a eukaryotic cell?
Which structure directly controls the functions of a eukaryotic cell?
What is the nuclear envelope?
What is the nuclear envelope?
What is the role of chromatin within the nucleus?
What is the role of chromatin within the nucleus?
How are ribosomes transported from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?
How are ribosomes transported from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following correctly pairs a cellular structure with its corresponding function?
Which of the following correctly pairs a cellular structure with its corresponding function?
What type of molecule is synthesized by ribosomes?
What type of molecule is synthesized by ribosomes?
What is a key distinction between animal and plant cells in terms of their outer cellular structures?
What is a key distinction between animal and plant cells in terms of their outer cellular structures?
How is the protein modified by the Golgi Apparatus?
How is the protein modified by the Golgi Apparatus?
Which cellular component facilitates the transport of proteins to other parts of the cell?
Which cellular component facilitates the transport of proteins to other parts of the cell?
What is the primary function of the nucleolus?
What is the primary function of the nucleolus?
What is the relationship between the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the Golgi apparatus?
What is the relationship between the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the Golgi apparatus?
Which characteristic is common to all cells, regardless of whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Which characteristic is common to all cells, regardless of whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
How does an animal cell maintain its shape, given the absence of a cell wall?
How does an animal cell maintain its shape, given the absence of a cell wall?
Which of the following is NOT a fundamental component found in all cells?
Which of the following is NOT a fundamental component found in all cells?
What cellular process occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?
What cellular process occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?
What is the main function of DNA?
What is the main function of DNA?
What is the definition of organelles?
What is the definition of organelles?
Which structure is responsible for synthesizing proteins that are then modified and packaged for secretion from the cell?
Which structure is responsible for synthesizing proteins that are then modified and packaged for secretion from the cell?
Choose the correct statement.
Choose the correct statement.
Why can't mitochondria fit into prokaryotic cells?
Why can't mitochondria fit into prokaryotic cells?
Where are ribosomes made?
Where are ribosomes made?
What structure is described?: They are smaller and have no nucleus and not many specialised organelles.
What structure is described?: They are smaller and have no nucleus and not many specialised organelles.
Which type of cell sometimes has Cilia?
Which type of cell sometimes has Cilia?
Which kingdoms are examples of Eukaryotic cells?
Which kingdoms are examples of Eukaryotic cells?
A cell is observed to have a large number of chloroplasts. What is most likely the primary function of this cell?
A cell is observed to have a large number of chloroplasts. What is most likely the primary function of this cell?
Flashcards
Eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
Cells that have organelles, including a nucleus; more advanced and complex.
Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells
Cells with no nucleus and few specialized organelles; smaller than eukaryotic cells.
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
It separates the outside from the cell's environment.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
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DNA
DNA
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Organelles
Organelles
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Nucleus
Nucleus
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Chromatin
Chromatin
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Nucleolus
Nucleolus
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Nuclear envelope
Nuclear envelope
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Ribosomes
Ribosomes
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Rough ER
Rough ER
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Smooth ER
Smooth ER
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Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
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Lysosomes
Lysosomes
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Cell wall
Cell wall
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Vacuoles
Vacuoles
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Viruses
Viruses
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
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Study Notes
- Cells are the smallest living units of an organism
Cell Structures
- All cells have a cell membrane to separate the outside from the cell environment
- Cytoplasm is a jelly-like fluid contained in all cells
- All cells contain DNA, the cell's genetic material
Eukaryotic cells
- Eukaryotic cells have organelles, including a nucleus
- Eukaryotic cells are more advanced and complex
- Plants and animals are examples of eukaryotic cells
- A nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's functions
- A nucleus dictates what the cell is going to do and how it will do it
- Organelle means "little organ"
- Organelles are specialized parts of the cell that perform unique jobs
- Chromatin is the entangle form of DNA, found inside the nuclear membrane
- The nuclear envelope is a double membrane that protects the genetic material and the nucleolus
- The nucleolus is the structure from where Ribosomes are made
Ribosomes
- Ribosomes are organelles that synthesize (make) proteins
- Ribosomes are made inside the nucleolus and travel outside the nucleus through the nuclear pores
- Ribosomes can be found freely floating in the cytoplasm
- Ribosomes also attach to a particular organelle called Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- There are two types of ER: Rough and Smooth
- Rough ER is ribosomes + ER
- Rough ER has a larger surface for making proteins
- Rough ER provides a pathway for the transport of materials
- Smooth ER is ER only, which synthesizes, stores, and transports lipids/ carbohydrates
Protein Transport
- Proteins are made by the ribosomes in the Rough ER
- Proteins can travel to other parts of the cells thanks to "transport vesicles"
- Vesicles travel to a different organelle, the Golgi Apparatus
- The Golgi Apparatus is where proteins can get customized in a form that the cell can use
- Proteins can be folded into a certain shape
- A component like lipids or carbohydrates can be added to the protein to make a new substance
- A new "transport vesicles" takes the customized protein
Mitochondria
- Mitochondria is the "Power House" of the cell
- Energy is obtained during cellular respiration
- Cells in areas of the body that use a lot of energy will have more Mitochondria compared to other cells
Lysosomes
- Lysosomes are the "garbage collector" of the cell
- Lysosomes take damage to cells or stuff that is no longer needed
- Lysosomes break-down the cellular debris and transport it out of the cell
Prokaryotic cells
- Bacteria is an example of prokaryotic cells
- Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and are generally simpler than eukaryotic cells
- Prokaryotic cells are ALWAYS 1 cell organisms
- Prokaryotes don't have mitochondria for energy production
- Prokaryotes rely on their immediate environment to obtain usable energy
Size comparisons
- Mitochondria would not even fit inside a prokaryote cell
Animal vs Plant Cells
- Plant cells:
- Range from 10-100 micrometers in length
- Typically rectangular or cubic in shape
- Have: Vacuole, Lysosome, Cell wall, Plasmodesmata, Cell membrane, Chloroplasts
- Animal Cells:
- Range from 10 - 30 micrometers in length -Typically round or irregular in shape -Have: Cilia, Lysosome, Vacuoles, Cell membrane, Centrioles
- Chloroplasts catch the sunlight to produce Energy.
- The green pigment in Chloroplasts is Chlorophyll
- A cell wall is for support and protection in plant cells
- Animal cells do not have a cell wall
- Vacuoles are for water storage only
Viruses
- Viruses are non-living particles that are smaller than bacteria
- Viruses contain genetic material (DNA) but cannot reproduce unless in a living host
- The DNA is contained in a protein capsid which has attachment proteins
- Bacteria are living organisms, unicellular, and have one cell
- Bacteria are larger (1000nm) and they use fission as a form of asexual reproduction
- Bacteria can cause disease and can spread by routes of coughing/sneezing
- Viruses cause disease in humans and can reproduce by invading a host cell, taking control and copying the DNA/RNA destroying the host cell
- Antibiotics will not effect viruses and cannot be used as a treatment
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