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What is the primary function of F1 particles in mitochondria?
What is the primary function of F1 particles in mitochondria?
What is the shape variation of mitochondria indicative of?
What is the shape variation of mitochondria indicative of?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the mitochondrial structure?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the mitochondrial structure?
What is the significance of extrachromosomal DNA in mitochondria?
What is the significance of extrachromosomal DNA in mitochondria?
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How are mitochondria's sizes and numbers characterized within cells?
How are mitochondria's sizes and numbers characterized within cells?
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Which theory explains the origins of mitochondria?
Which theory explains the origins of mitochondria?
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In which types of cells are mitochondria found?
In which types of cells are mitochondria found?
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What characteristic of living mitochondria differentiates them from static structures?
What characteristic of living mitochondria differentiates them from static structures?
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What is the primary function of the cristae in mitochondria?
What is the primary function of the cristae in mitochondria?
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Which component of mitochondria directly relates to ATP production?
Which component of mitochondria directly relates to ATP production?
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What is found within the mitochondrial matrix?
What is found within the mitochondrial matrix?
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What effect does the number of cristae have on a cell's activity?
What effect does the number of cristae have on a cell's activity?
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Which of the following accurately describes the Citric Acid Cycle?
Which of the following accurately describes the Citric Acid Cycle?
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The process of converting ADP into ATP primarily requires which of the following?
The process of converting ADP into ATP primarily requires which of the following?
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What is the shape of the cristae typically described as?
What is the shape of the cristae typically described as?
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How many circular DNA molecules can be found in the mitochondrial matrix?
How many circular DNA molecules can be found in the mitochondrial matrix?
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What is the main purpose of the Krebs/Citric acid cycle in aerobic respiration?
What is the main purpose of the Krebs/Citric acid cycle in aerobic respiration?
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Where does glycolysis take place within the cell?
Where does glycolysis take place within the cell?
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What is the role of NADH in aerobic respiration?
What is the role of NADH in aerobic respiration?
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Which two components make up oxidative phosphorylation?
Which two components make up oxidative phosphorylation?
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What is the function of the ATP synthase F1 portion?
What is the function of the ATP synthase F1 portion?
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What is created during chemiosmosis in mitochondria?
What is created during chemiosmosis in mitochondria?
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What do the F1FO particles in the mitochondrial inner membrane do?
What do the F1FO particles in the mitochondrial inner membrane do?
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What is the significance of the electrochemical gradient in aerobic respiration?
What is the significance of the electrochemical gradient in aerobic respiration?
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What is the primary function of ATP synthase in the electron transport chain?
What is the primary function of ATP synthase in the electron transport chain?
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Which complexes in the electron transport chain are involved in proton pumping?
Which complexes in the electron transport chain are involved in proton pumping?
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What triggers the flow of protons through ATP synthase?
What triggers the flow of protons through ATP synthase?
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From which cycle do the electrons that enter the electron transport chain primarily originate?
From which cycle do the electrons that enter the electron transport chain primarily originate?
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How do new mitochondria typically arise in a cell?
How do new mitochondria typically arise in a cell?
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What is the role of Complex IV in the electron transport chain?
What is the role of Complex IV in the electron transport chain?
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What happens to protons during the process of electron transport?
What happens to protons during the process of electron transport?
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What happens to the concentration of protons when they are pumped into the intermembrane space?
What happens to the concentration of protons when they are pumped into the intermembrane space?
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How do mitochondria replicate?
How do mitochondria replicate?
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What is the Serial Endosymbiotic Theory (SET) primarily concerned with?
What is the Serial Endosymbiotic Theory (SET) primarily concerned with?
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Which type of cells are believed to have taken up aerobic bacteria according to the Serial Endosymbiotic Theory?
Which type of cells are believed to have taken up aerobic bacteria according to the Serial Endosymbiotic Theory?
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What significant cellular feature is formed from invaginations of the plasma membrane?
What significant cellular feature is formed from invaginations of the plasma membrane?
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What is a key characteristic of the bacteria that became mitochondria?
What is a key characteristic of the bacteria that became mitochondria?
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Which cellular structures are believed to have evolved from photosynthetic bacteria?
Which cellular structures are believed to have evolved from photosynthetic bacteria?
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According to the Serial Endosymbiotic Theory, what role did symbionts play in the evolution of eukaryotic cells?
According to the Serial Endosymbiotic Theory, what role did symbionts play in the evolution of eukaryotic cells?
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What process is similar in mitochondria and bacteria?
What process is similar in mitochondria and bacteria?
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What type of DNA do mitochondria and chloroplasts possess?
What type of DNA do mitochondria and chloroplasts possess?
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Which of the following is true about the ribosomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Which of the following is true about the ribosomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
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Which process do mitochondria and chloroplasts share in common?
Which process do mitochondria and chloroplasts share in common?
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What is the role of the 13 genes found in mtDNA?
What is the role of the 13 genes found in mtDNA?
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How do antibiotics affect mitochondria and chloroplasts?
How do antibiotics affect mitochondria and chloroplasts?
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Which of the following statements about eukaryotic cells is true?
Which of the following statements about eukaryotic cells is true?
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What distinguishes the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts according to the Serial Endosymbiotic Theory?
What distinguishes the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts according to the Serial Endosymbiotic Theory?
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What is a significant feature of the invaginations of the plasma membrane related to the formation of the endoplasmic reticulum?
What is a significant feature of the invaginations of the plasma membrane related to the formation of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure: Mitochondria
- Mitochondria are the second most prominent organelles within cells, visible with a light microscope but requiring an electron microscope for detailed structure.
- They are found in all eukaryotic cells (plant and animal), with numbers varying from a few to over a thousand per cell.
- The shape of mitochondria can vary from rods to spheres and they are characteristic of a particular cell type.
- Mitochondria are not static and move around within the cytoplasm of cells, often aggregating in areas of high metabolic activity.
- Mitochondria are 0.5-1.0 μm in diameter and 5-10 μm long.
- Each mitochondrion is bound by two membranes: a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae.
Mitochondrial Structure and Morphology
- Mitochondria are composed of an outer membrane, an inner membrane, the intermembrane space and the matrix.
- The cristae are infolds of the inner membrane which provide a large surface area for chemical reactions.
- The number of cristae directly correlates with a cell’s activity level.
- The matrix contains mitochondrial ribosomes, non-chromosomal DNA (in the form of 5-10 identical circular DNA molecules around 2-3nm in diameter), and enzymes for the Krebs/Citric acid cycle. The matrix converts chemical energy from food into ATP.
Mitochondrial Function
- Mitochondria are called the "powerhouse of the cell" due to their role in ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation.
- Oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen to convert ADP into ATP, crucial for cellular metabolic processes.
- The process involves the breakdown of glucose (during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle) and the transfer of electrons to produce NADH and FADH2. These molecules carry electrons and protons (hydrogens ions).
- The electron transport chain (ETC) in the inner mitochondrial membrane uses the energy from the electrons to pump protons (H+) from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
- The movement of protons back into the matrix through ATP synthase generates ATP.
- The Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle) is a central set of reactions that collectively produce ATP.
Mitochondrial Reproduction and Origin
- Mitochondria reproduce similarly to bacteria, a process called fission.
- When a cell divides, mitochondria are split equally to daughter cells.
- These new mitochondria arise from already existing mitochondria.
- Mitochondria replicate independently through cell division
- The serial endosymbiotic theory is a leading theory to explain mitochondrial origins. It proposes that mitochondria evolved from aerobic bacteria that were engulfed by another prokaryotic cell.
- Supporting evidence for the endosymbiotic theory includes mitochondria having their own circular DNA (mtDNA), their own protein production machinery, and the ability to replicate independently.
ATP Synthase - F₁Fo Particles
- The inner mitochondrial membrane is studded with F₁ particles projecting from the membrane, with a Fo base embedded in the membrane.
- ATP synthase is an enzyme complex that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
- The energy for ATP synthesis comes from the flow of H⁺ ions through the enzyme.
- The F₁ subunit squeezes ADP + Pi together to form ATP, then releases the ATP.
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Description
Explore the essential structure and function of mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell. Learn about their unique morphology, movement within the cytoplasm, and significance in eukaryotic cells. This quiz delves into critical aspects of mitochondrial biology essential for understanding cellular metabolism.
